add D3D11 project

2025-11-19 09:43:09 +01:00
parent 9134d2dc40
commit bff01f5adb
36 changed files with 2779 additions and 0 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#include "Camera.h"
+
+UINT Camera::init(UINT width, UINT height)
+{
+    // view matrix
+    XMVECTOR position = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
+    XMVECTOR forward = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+    XMVECTOR up = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+    XMStoreFloat4x4(&_viewMatrix, XMMatrixLookToLH(position, forward, up));
+
+   // projection matrix
+    XMMATRIX perspectiveMatrix = XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(
+        XM_PI * 0.3333333f, // field of view in radians, here 60 degrees
+        static_cast<FLOAT>(width) / static_cast<FLOAT>(height), // aspect ratio
+        0.3f, 10.0f // near & far clipping planes
+    );
+    XMStoreFloat4x4(&_projectionMatrix, perspectiveMatrix);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Camera::update(FLOAT dt)
+{
+}
+
+void Camera::deInit()
+{
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <DirectXMath.h>
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+class Camera
+{
+public:
+	UINT init(UINT width, UINT height);
+	void update(FLOAT dt);
+	void deInit();
+
+	const XMFLOAT4X4& getViewMatrix() const { return _viewMatrix; }
+	const XMFLOAT4X4& getProjectionMatrix() const { return _projectionMatrix; }
+	const XMFLOAT3 getCameraPosition() const { return XMFLOAT3(_viewMatrix._14, _viewMatrix._24, _viewMatrix._34); }
+
+private:
+	XMFLOAT4X4 _viewMatrix = {};
+	XMFLOAT4X4 _projectionMatrix = {};
+};
+
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+struct PixelInput
+{
+    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float4 color : COLOR;
+};
+
+float4 main(PixelInput INPUT) : SV_TARGET
+{
+	//return float4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); // solid color
+    return INPUT.color; // vertex color
+    //return INPUT.color * 0.5f; // darker vertex color
+    //return INPUT.color * 2.0f; // lighter vertex color
+    
+    //float4 color = INPUT.color;
+    //color.r = 0.0f; // no red channel
+    
+    //return color;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+cbuffer MatrixBuffer
+{
+    matrix WorldViewProjectionMatrix;
+};
+
+struct VertexInput
+{
+    float4 position : POSITION;
+    float4 color : COLOR;
+};
+
+struct VertexOutput
+{
+    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float4 color : COLOR;
+};
+
+VertexOutput main(VertexInput INPUT)
+{
+    VertexOutput OUTPUT;
+    
+    OUTPUT.position = mul(INPUT.position, WorldViewProjectionMatrix);
+    OUTPUT.color = INPUT.color;
+    
+	return OUTPUT;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
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@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#include "Direct3D.h"
+#include "Utilities.h"
+
+INT Direct3D::init(HWND hWnd, UINT width, UINT height, BOOL isFullscreen)
+{
+	HRESULT hr = {};
+
+	// 1. define swap chain description
+	DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc = {};
+	swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hWnd; // target window instance handle
+	swapChainDesc.Windowed = !isFullscreen; // windowed or fullscreen
+	swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1; // amount of backbuffers, minimum 1
+	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Width = width;
+	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Height = height;
+	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM; // pixel format, here 4 channels (red, green, blue, alpha) with 8bit depth each and unsigned normalized floating points
+	swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT; // which technique is used to render to back buffer
+	swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD; // what happens to front buffer after swap
+	swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1; // have to be at least one
+
+	// 2. create Direct3D device, device context & swap chain
+	D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevels[] = {
+		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1,
+		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,
+		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,
+		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0
+	};
+
+	D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL chosenFeatureLevel = {};
+
+	hr = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(
+		nullptr, // graphic card, nullptr -> default adapter
+		D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, // rendering with hard- or software renderer
+		nullptr, // software renderer module reference
+		0, // optional flags
+		featureLevels, std::size(featureLevels), // which api features are supported
+		D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &_pDXGISwapChain, &_pD3DDevice, &chosenFeatureLevel, &_pD3DDeviceContext);
+	CheckFailed(hr, 20);
+
+	// 3. create render target
+	ID3D11Texture2D* pBackBuffer = nullptr;
+	hr = _pDXGISwapChain->GetBuffer(0, IID_PPV_ARGS(&pBackBuffer));
+	CheckFailed(hr, 22);
+
+	hr = _pD3DDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, nullptr, &_pD3DRenderTargetView);
+	CheckFailed(hr, 24);
+
+	safeRelease(pBackBuffer);
+
+	// 4. create depth stencil buffer
+
+	// 5. create rasterizer state
+	//d3d.getDevice()->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, TRUE);
+//d3d.getDevice()->SetRenderState(D3DRS_FILLMODE, D3DFILL_SOLID);
+//d3d.getDevice()->SetRenderState(D3DRS_CULLMODE, D3DCULL_NONE);
+//d3d.getDevice()->SetRenderState(D3DRS_DIFFUSEMATERIALSOURCE, D3DMCS_MATERIAL);
+//d3d.getDevice()->SetRenderState(D3DRS_SPECULARMATERIALSOURCE, D3DMCS_MATERIAL);
+//d3d.getDevice()->SetRenderState(D3DRS_SPECULARENABLE, TRUE);
+
+	// 6. describe viewport
+	D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport = {};
+	viewport.TopLeftX = 0.0f;
+	viewport.TopLeftY = 0.0f;
+	viewport.Width = width;
+	viewport.Height = height;
+
+	// 7. setup render pipeline (device context)
+	_pD3DDeviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &_pD3DRenderTargetView, nullptr);
+	_pD3DDeviceContext->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void Direct3D::beginScene(FLOAT r, FLOAT g, FLOAT b)
+{
+	// clear back buffer with a solid color
+	FLOAT backgroundColor[] = { r, g, b, 1.0f };
+	_pD3DDeviceContext->ClearRenderTargetView(_pD3DRenderTargetView, backgroundColor);
+}
+
+void Direct3D::endScene()
+{
+	_pDXGISwapChain->Present(
+		0, // sync interval, 0,1,2,3,4 -> (de-)active vsync setting and how often should be synced
+		0 // optional flags
+	);
+}
+
+void Direct3D::deInit()
+{
+	safeRelease(_pD3DRenderTargetView);
+	safeRelease(_pDXGISwapChain);
+	safeRelease(_pD3DDeviceContext);
+	safeRelease(_pD3DDevice);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+
+#pragma comment(lib, "d3d11.lib")
+
+class Direct3D
+{
+public:
+	INT init(HWND hWnd, UINT width, UINT height, BOOL isFullscreen);
+	void beginScene(FLOAT r, FLOAT g, FLOAT b);
+	void endScene();
+	void deInit();
+
+	ID3D11Device* getDevice() const { return _pD3DDevice; }
+	ID3D11DeviceContext* getDeviceContext() const { return _pD3DDeviceContext; }
+
+private:
+	ID3D11Device* _pD3DDevice = nullptr; // needed for creating all objects, e.g. buffer, textures, etc., used in init phase
+	ID3D11DeviceContext* _pD3DDeviceContext = nullptr; // access to render pipeline, e.g. set matrices or draw command, used in run phase
+	IDXGISwapChain* _pDXGISwapChain = nullptr; // holds references to front & back buffer & swaps them
+	ID3D11RenderTargetView* _pD3DRenderTargetView = nullptr; // target device context is rendering to
+};
+
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#include "Light.h"
+#include "Utilities.h"
+
+UINT Light::init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LightBuffer& lightData)
+{
+    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC desc = {};
+    desc.ByteWidth = sizeof(LightBuffer);
+    desc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
+    desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_IMMUTABLE; // no light update possible
+    //desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC; // light update possible
+
+    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA initialData = {};
+    initialData.pSysMem = &lightData;
+
+    HRESULT hr = pD3DDevice->CreateBuffer(&desc, &initialData, &_pLightBuffer);
+    CheckFailed(hr, 70);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Light::update(FLOAT dt)
+{
+}
+
+void Light::render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext)
+{
+    pD3DDeviceContext->PSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &_pLightBuffer);
+}
+
+void Light::deInit()
+{
+    safeRelease(_pLightBuffer);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <DirectXMath.h>
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+class Light
+{
+public:
+	struct LightBuffer
+	{
+		XMFLOAT3 LightVector;
+		FLOAT LightIntensity;
+		XMFLOAT4 DiffuseColor;
+		XMFLOAT4 SpecularColor;
+		XMFLOAT3 CameraPosition;
+		FLOAT Phong;
+	};
+
+	UINT init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LightBuffer& lightData);
+	void update(FLOAT dt);
+	void render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext);
+	void deInit();
+
+private:
+	ID3D11Buffer* _pLightBuffer = nullptr;
+};
+
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+Texture2D MainTexture;
+SamplerState MainSampler;
+
+cbuffer LightBuffer // has to be always 16 byte aligned
+{
+    float3 LightVector;
+    float LightIntensity;
+    float4 DiffuseColor;
+    float4 SpecularColor;
+    float3 CameraPosition;
+    float Phong;
+};
+
+struct PixelInput
+{
+    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float3 positionWorld : POSITION1;
+    float3 normal : NORMAL;
+    float2 uv : TEXCOORD;
+};
+
+float4 main(PixelInput INPUT) : SV_TARGET
+{
+    float4 texColor = MainTexture.Sample(MainSampler, INPUT.uv);
+    float4 ambientColor = float4(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f);
+    float4 diffuseColor = DiffuseColor;
+    float4 specularColor = SpecularColor;
+    float4 emissionColor = float4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+    
+    float3 lightVector = normalize(-LightVector);
+    float3 normalVector = normalize(INPUT.normal);
+    
+    // diffuse color
+    float diffuse = dot(lightVector, normalVector); // diffuse intensity
+    diffuseColor *= diffuse * LightIntensity;
+    
+    // specular color
+    float3 reflectVector = normalize(reflect(-lightVector, normalVector));
+    //float3 reflectVector = 2 * normalVector * diffuse - lightVector;
+    float3 viewVector = normalize(CameraPosition - INPUT.positionWorld);
+    float specular = pow(max(dot(reflectVector, viewVector), 0), Phong);
+    specularColor *= specular * LightIntensity;
+    
+    return saturate(saturate(texColor * saturate(ambientColor + diffuseColor) + specularColor) + emissionColor);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+cbuffer MatrixBuffer
+{
+    matrix WorldViewProjectionMatrix;
+    matrix WorldMatrix;
+    //float4 TilingOffset;
+};
+
+struct VertexInput
+{
+    float4 position : POSITION;
+    float3 normal : NORMAL;
+    float2 uv : TEXCOORD;
+};
+
+struct VertexOutput
+{
+    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float3 positionWorld : POSITION1;
+    float3 normal : NORMAL;
+    float2 uv : TEXCOORD;
+};
+
+VertexOutput main(VertexInput INPUT)
+{
+    VertexOutput OUTPUT;
+    
+    OUTPUT.position = mul(INPUT.position, WorldViewProjectionMatrix);
+    OUTPUT.positionWorld = mul(INPUT.position, WorldMatrix);
+    OUTPUT.normal = mul(INPUT.normal, (float3x3)WorldMatrix);
+    OUTPUT.uv = INPUT.uv * float2(1.0f, 1.0f) + float2(0.0f, 0.0f); // uv * tiling + offset
+    
+	return OUTPUT;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+#include "Material.h"
+#include "Utilities.h"
+#include "WICTextureLoader11.h"
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+UINT Material::init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LPCTSTR textureFileName)
+{
+    UINT error = 0;
+
+    error = createVertexShader(pD3DDevice);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    error = createPixelShader(pD3DDevice);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    error = createMatrixBuffer(pD3DDevice);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    error = createTextureAndSamplerState(pD3DDevice, textureFileName);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Material::render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext)
+{
+    // set shader stages
+    pD3DDeviceContext->VSSetShader(_pVertexShader, nullptr, 0);
+    pD3DDeviceContext->PSSetShader(_pPixelShader, nullptr, 0);
+
+    // set input layout
+    pD3DDeviceContext->IASetInputLayout(_pInputLayout);
+
+    // set shader resources
+    pD3DDeviceContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &_pMatrixBuffer);
+
+    // set texture
+    pD3DDeviceContext->PSSetShaderResources(0, 1, &_pTexture);
+
+    // set sampler state
+    pD3DDeviceContext->PSSetSamplers(0, 1, &_pSamplerState);
+}
+
+void Material::deInit()
+{
+    safeRelease(_pSamplerState);
+    safeRelease(_pTexture);
+    safeRelease(_pMatrixBuffer);
+    safeRelease(_pInputLayout);
+    safeRelease(_pPixelShader);
+    safeRelease(_pVertexShader);
+}
+
+void Material::setMatrixBuffer(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext, const XMFLOAT4X4& worldMatrix, const XMFLOAT4X4& viewMatrix, const XMFLOAT4X4& projectionMatrix)
+{
+    // unpack matrix data
+    XMMATRIX w = XMLoadFloat4x4(&worldMatrix);
+    XMMATRIX v = XMLoadFloat4x4(&viewMatrix);
+    XMMATRIX p = XMLoadFloat4x4(&projectionMatrix);
+
+    XMMATRIX wvp = w * v * p;
+    
+    // set matrix data
+    D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE bufferData = {};
+    HRESULT hr = pD3DDeviceContext->Map(_pMatrixBuffer, 0, D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, 0, &bufferData);
+    if (FAILED(hr)) return;
+
+    MatrixBuffer* matrixBuffer = static_cast<MatrixBuffer*>(bufferData.pData);
+
+    XMStoreFloat4x4(static_cast<XMFLOAT4X4*>(&matrixBuffer->WorldViewProjectionMatrix), XMMatrixTranspose(wvp));
+    XMStoreFloat4x4(static_cast<XMFLOAT4X4*>(&matrixBuffer->WorldMatrix), XMMatrixTranspose(w));
+
+    pD3DDeviceContext->Unmap(_pMatrixBuffer, 0);
+}
+
+UINT Material::createVertexShader(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+    HRESULT hr = {};
+    ID3DBlob* pCompiledShaderCode = nullptr;
+
+    // part 1 get compiled shader code
+    
+    // option 1: load high level shader code & compile
+    //hr = D3DCompileFromFile(
+    //    L"ColorVertexShader.hlsl", // shader file name
+    //    nullptr, // optional macro defines
+    //    nullptr, // pre compiled included shader code
+    //    "main", // shader entry point (start function)
+    //    "vs_4_0", // shader type & version
+    //    0, 0, // optional flags
+    //    &pCompiledShaderCode, // compiled shader code memory
+    //    nullptr // error messages
+    //);
+
+    // option 2: load compiled shader code
+    hr = D3DReadFileToBlob(L"ColorVertexShader.cso", &pCompiledShaderCode);
+    //hr = D3DReadFileToBlob(L"TextureVertexShader.cso", &pCompiledShaderCode);
+    //hr = D3DReadFileToBlob(L"LightingVertexShader.cso", &pCompiledShaderCode);
+
+    CheckFailed(hr, 60);
+
+    // part 2 create vertex shader object
+    hr = pD3DDevice->CreateVertexShader(pCompiledShaderCode->GetBufferPointer(), pCompiledShaderCode->GetBufferSize(), nullptr, &_pVertexShader);
+    CheckFailed(hr, 62);
+
+    UINT error = createInputLayout(pD3DDevice, pCompiledShaderCode);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    safeRelease(pCompiledShaderCode);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+UINT Material::createPixelShader(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+    HRESULT hr = {};
+    ID3DBlob* pCompiledShaderCode = nullptr;
+
+    hr = D3DReadFileToBlob(L"ColorPixelShader.cso", &pCompiledShaderCode);
+    //hr = D3DReadFileToBlob(L"TexturePixelShader.cso", &pCompiledShaderCode);
+    //hr = D3DReadFileToBlob(L"LightingPixelShader.cso", &pCompiledShaderCode);
+    CheckFailed(hr, 64);
+
+    hr = pD3DDevice->CreatePixelShader(pCompiledShaderCode->GetBufferPointer(), pCompiledShaderCode->GetBufferSize(), nullptr, &_pPixelShader);
+    CheckFailed(hr, 66);
+
+    safeRelease(pCompiledShaderCode);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+UINT Material::createInputLayout(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, ID3DBlob* pCompiledVertexShaderCode)
+{
+    // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3dhlsl/dx-graphics-hlsl-semantics
+    D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC elements[4] = {};
+
+    // position
+    elements[0].SemanticName = "POSITION";
+    elements[0].Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT;
+
+    // normal
+    elements[1].SemanticName = "NORMAL";
+    elements[1].Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT;
+    elements[1].AlignedByteOffset = D3D11_APPEND_ALIGNED_ELEMENT;
+
+    // uv
+    elements[2].SemanticName = "TEXCOORD";
+    elements[2].Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT;
+    elements[2].AlignedByteOffset = D3D11_APPEND_ALIGNED_ELEMENT;
+
+    // color
+    elements[3].SemanticName = "COLOR";
+    elements[3].Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT;
+    elements[3].AlignedByteOffset = D3D11_APPEND_ALIGNED_ELEMENT;
+
+    HRESULT hr = pD3DDevice->CreateInputLayout(elements, std::size(elements), pCompiledVertexShaderCode->GetBufferPointer(), pCompiledVertexShaderCode->GetBufferSize(), &_pInputLayout);
+    CheckFailed(hr, 68);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+UINT Material::createMatrixBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC desc = {};
+    desc.ByteWidth = sizeof(MatrixBuffer);
+    desc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
+    desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC;
+    desc.CPUAccessFlags = D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_WRITE;
+
+    HRESULT hr = pD3DDevice->CreateBuffer(&desc, nullptr, &_pMatrixBuffer);
+    CheckFailed(hr, 61);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+UINT Material::createTextureAndSamplerState(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LPCTSTR textureFileName)
+{
+    // load texture
+    HRESULT hr = CreateWICTextureFromFile(pD3DDevice, textureFileName, nullptr, &_pTexture);
+    CheckFailed(hr, 63);
+
+    // create sampler state
+    D3D11_SAMPLER_DESC samplerDesc = {};
+    samplerDesc.AddressU = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
+    samplerDesc.AddressV = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
+    samplerDesc.AddressW = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP; // CAUTION: has to be set always
+    samplerDesc.Filter = D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
+
+    hr = pD3DDevice->CreateSamplerState(&samplerDesc, &_pSamplerState);
+    CheckFailed(hr, 65);
+    
+    return 0;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <d3dcompiler.h>
+#include <DirectXMath.h>
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+#pragma comment(lib, "d3dcompiler.lib")
+
+class Material
+{
+public:
+	UINT init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LPCTSTR textureFileName);
+	void render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext);
+	void deInit();
+
+	void setMatrixBuffer(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext, const XMFLOAT4X4& worldMatrix, const XMFLOAT4X4& viewMatrix, const XMFLOAT4X4& projectionMatrix);
+
+private:
+	UINT createVertexShader(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+	UINT createPixelShader(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+	UINT createInputLayout(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, ID3DBlob* pCompiledVertexShaderCode);
+	UINT createMatrixBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+	UINT createTextureAndSamplerState(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LPCTSTR textureFileName);
+
+	ID3D11VertexShader* _pVertexShader = nullptr;
+	ID3D11PixelShader* _pPixelShader = nullptr;
+	ID3D11InputLayout* _pInputLayout = nullptr; // byte structure of vertex
+
+	struct MatrixBuffer
+	{
+		XMFLOAT4X4 WorldViewProjectionMatrix;
+		XMFLOAT4X4 WorldMatrix;
+	};
+	ID3D11Buffer* _pMatrixBuffer = nullptr;
+
+	ID3D11ShaderResourceView* _pTexture = {};
+	ID3D11SamplerState* _pSamplerState = {};
+};
+
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#include "Mesh.h"
+#include "Utilities.h"
+#include "Vertex.h"
+#include <DirectXMath.h>
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+UINT Mesh::init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+	UINT error = 0;
+
+	error = createVertexBuffer(pD3DDevice);
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	error = createIndexBuffer(pD3DDevice);
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// create world matrix
+	XMStoreFloat4x4(&_worldMatrix, XMMatrixIdentity());
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void Mesh::update(FLOAT dt)
+{
+	static FLOAT x = 0.0f;
+	static FLOAT y = 0.0f;
+	static FLOAT z = 0.0f;
+	static FLOAT rot = 0.0f;
+	rot += 1.0f * dt;
+
+	FLOAT move = 1.0f * dt;
+
+	if ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_LEFT) & 0x8000) || (GetAsyncKeyState('A') & 0x8000)) x -= move;
+	if ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RIGHT) & 0x8000) || (GetAsyncKeyState('D') & 0x8000)) x += move;
+	if ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_UP) & 0x8000) || (GetAsyncKeyState('W') & 0x8000)) y += move;
+	if ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_DOWN) & 0x8000) || (GetAsyncKeyState('S') & 0x8000)) y -= move;
+	if ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ADD) & 0x8000) || (GetAsyncKeyState('Q') & 0x8000)) z -= move;
+	if ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK_SUBTRACT) & 0x8000) || (GetAsyncKeyState('E') & 0x8000)) z += move;
+
+	XMMATRIX translation = XMMatrixTranslation(x, y, z);
+	XMMATRIX rotation = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+	XMMATRIX scale = XMMatrixScaling(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+
+	XMVECTOR det = XMMatrixDeterminant(translation);
+
+	XMStoreFloat4x4(&_worldMatrix, scale * rotation * translation);
+}
+
+void Mesh::render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext)
+{
+	// set data
+	static UINT offset = 0;
+	pD3DDeviceContext->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &_pVertexBuffer, &_vertexStride, &offset);
+	pD3DDeviceContext->IASetIndexBuffer(_pIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT, 0);
+	pD3DDeviceContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);
+
+	// draw
+	pD3DDeviceContext->DrawIndexed(_indexCount, 0, 0);
+}
+
+void Mesh::deInit()
+{
+	safeRelease(_pIndexBuffer);
+	safeRelease(_pVertexBuffer);
+}
+
+UINT Mesh::createVertexBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+	// describe vertex buffer content
+	// quad with color
+	Vertex vertices[] = { Vertex(-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 255, 0, 0),
+	Vertex(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0, 255, 0),
+	Vertex(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 255, 0, 255),
+	Vertex(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0, 0, 255) };
+
+
+	// quad with uv & normal
+	//Vertex vertices[] = {
+	//	Vertex(-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
+	//	Vertex(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),
+	//	Vertex(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
+	//	Vertex(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)
+	//};
+
+	// general data
+	_vertexCount = std::size(vertices);
+	_vertexStride = sizeof(Vertex);
+
+	// create vertex buffer object
+	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC desc = {};
+	desc.ByteWidth = _vertexCount * _vertexStride; // size of vertex buffer in bytes
+	desc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
+	desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_IMMUTABLE; // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/d3d11/ne-d3d11-d3d11_usage
+
+	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA data = {};
+	data.pSysMem = vertices;
+
+	HRESULT hr = pD3DDevice->CreateBuffer(&desc, &data, &_pVertexBuffer);
+	CheckFailed(hr, 30);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+UINT Mesh::createIndexBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+	// describe index buffer content
+	WORD indices[] = {
+		0,1,2,
+		0,2,3
+	};
+
+	// general data
+	_indexCount = std::size(indices);
+
+	// create index buffer object
+	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC desc = {};
+	desc.ByteWidth = _indexCount * sizeof(WORD); // size of index buffer in bytes
+	desc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
+	desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_IMMUTABLE;
+
+	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA data = {};
+	data.pSysMem = indices;
+
+	HRESULT hr = pD3DDevice->CreateBuffer(&desc, &data, &_pIndexBuffer);
+	CheckFailed(hr, 32);
+
+	return 0;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <DirectXMath.h>
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+class Mesh
+{
+public:
+	UINT init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+	void update(FLOAT dt);
+	void render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext);
+	void deInit();
+
+	const XMFLOAT4X4& getWorldMatrix() const { return _worldMatrix; }
+
+private:
+	UINT createVertexBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+	UINT createIndexBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+
+	ID3D11Buffer* _pVertexBuffer = nullptr; // dumps mesh vertices
+	ID3D11Buffer* _pIndexBuffer = nullptr; // dumps mesh indices
+
+	UINT _vertexCount = 0; // amount of vertices
+	UINT _vertexStride = 0; // size of one vertex in bytes
+	UINT _indexCount = 0; // amount of indices
+
+	XMFLOAT4X4 _worldMatrix = {};
+};
+
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Texture2D MainTexture;
+SamplerState MainSampler;
+
+struct PixelInput
+{
+    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float2 uv : TEXCOORD;
+};
+
+float4 main(PixelInput INPUT) : SV_TARGET
+{
+    return MainTexture.Sample(MainSampler, INPUT.uv);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+cbuffer MatrixBuffer
+{
+    matrix WorldViewProjectionMatrix;
+    //float4 TilingOffset;
+};
+
+struct VertexInput
+{
+    float4 position : POSITION;
+    float2 uv : TEXCOORD;
+};
+
+struct VertexOutput
+{
+    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float2 uv : TEXCOORD;
+};
+
+VertexOutput main(VertexInput INPUT)
+{
+    VertexOutput OUTPUT;
+    
+    OUTPUT.position = mul(INPUT.position, WorldViewProjectionMatrix);
+    OUTPUT.uv = INPUT.uv * float2(1.0f, 1.0f) + float2(0.0f, 0.0f); // uv * tiling + offset
+    
+	return OUTPUT;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include "Time.h"
+#include <string>
+
+UINT Time::init()
+{
+    _lastTime = CLOCK::now();
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Time::update()
+{
+    TIME_POINT now = CLOCK::now();
+    SECONDS diff = now - _lastTime;
+    _deltaTime = diff.count();
+    _lastTime = now;
+
+#ifdef _DEBUG
+#ifdef UNICODE
+    wstring output = L"fps: " + to_wstring(1 / _deltaTime) + L"\n";
+    OutputDebugString(output.c_str());
+#else // !UNICODE
+    string output = "fps: " + to_string(1 / _deltaTime) + "\n";
+    OutputDebugString(output.c_str());
+#endif // UNICODE
+
+
+#endif // DEBUG
+
+}
+
+void Time::deInit()
+{
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <chrono>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+typedef chrono::steady_clock CLOCK;
+typedef CLOCK::time_point TIME_POINT;
+typedef chrono::duration<FLOAT> SECONDS;
+
+class Time
+{
+public:
+	UINT init();
+	void update();
+	void deInit();
+
+	FLOAT getDeltaTime() const { return _deltaTime; }
+
+private:
+	FLOAT _deltaTime = 0.0f;
+	TIME_POINT _lastTime = {};
+};
+
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include "Utilities.h"
+
+void ShowError(UINT error)
+{
+#if _DEBUG
+	LPCTSTR msg = TEXT("Application quit with an error: ");
+#if UNICODE
+	msg = (std::wstring(msg) + std::to_wstring(error)).c_str();
+#else // UNICODE
+	msg = (std::string(msg) + std::to_string(error)).c_str();
+#endif // UNICODE
+	MessageBox(nullptr, msg, TEXT("Error"), MB_OK);
+#endif // DEBUG
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <string>
+
+void ShowError(UINT error);
+
+#define CheckError(x) if (x != 0) \
+{ \
+	ShowError(x); \
+	return x; \
+}
+
+#define CheckFailed(hr, x) if (FAILED(hr)) \
+{ \
+	ShowError(x); \
+	return x; \
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+void safeRelease(T*& obj)
+{
+	if (obj != nullptr)
+	{
+		obj->Release();
+		obj = nullptr;
+	}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <DirectXMath.h>
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+struct Vertex
+{
+	XMFLOAT3 position;
+	XMFLOAT3 normal;
+	XMFLOAT2 uv;
+	XMFLOAT4 color;
+
+	Vertex() : position(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), normal(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), uv(0.0f, 0.0f), color(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f) {}
+	Vertex(FLOAT x, FLOAT y, FLOAT z) : position(x, y, z), normal(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), uv(0.0f, 0.0f), color(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f) {}
+	Vertex(FLOAT x, FLOAT y, FLOAT z, UINT r, UINT g, UINT b)
+		: position(x, y, z), normal(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), uv(0.0f, 0.0f), color(r / 255.0f, g / 255.0f, b / 255.0f, 1.0f) {}
+	Vertex(FLOAT x, FLOAT y, FLOAT z, FLOAT u, FLOAT v) : position(x, y, z), normal(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), uv(u, v), color(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f) {}
+	Vertex(FLOAT x, FLOAT y, FLOAT z, FLOAT nx, FLOAT ny, FLOAT nz, FLOAT u, FLOAT v) : position(x, y, z), normal(nx, ny, nz), uv(u, v), color(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f) {}
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: WICTextureLoader11.h
+//
+// Function for loading a WIC image and creating a Direct3D runtime texture for it
+// (auto-generating mipmaps if possible)
+//
+// Note: Assumes application has already called CoInitializeEx
+//
+// Warning: CreateWICTexture* functions are not thread-safe if given a d3dContext instance for
+//          auto-gen mipmap support.
+//
+// Note these functions are useful for images created as simple 2D textures. For
+// more complex resources, DDSTextureLoader is an excellent light-weight runtime loader.
+// For a full-featured DDS file reader, writer, and texture processing pipeline see
+// the 'Texconv' sample and the 'DirectXTex' library.
+//
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
+// Licensed under the MIT License.
+//
+// http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=248926
+// http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=248929
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <d3d11_1.h>
+
+#pragma comment(lib,"dxguid.lib")
+#pragma comment(lib,"windowscodecs.lib")
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace DirectX
+{
+#ifndef WIC_LOADER_FLAGS_DEFINED
+#define WIC_LOADER_FLAGS_DEFINED
+    enum WIC_LOADER_FLAGS : uint32_t
+    {
+        WIC_LOADER_DEFAULT = 0,
+        WIC_LOADER_FORCE_SRGB = 0x1,
+        WIC_LOADER_IGNORE_SRGB = 0x2,
+        WIC_LOADER_SRGB_DEFAULT = 0x4,
+        WIC_LOADER_FIT_POW2 = 0x20,
+        WIC_LOADER_MAKE_SQUARE = 0x40,
+        WIC_LOADER_FORCE_RGBA32 = 0x80,
+    };
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-dynamic-exception-spec"
+#endif
+
+    DEFINE_ENUM_FLAG_OPERATORS(WIC_LOADER_FLAGS)
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+#endif
+
+        // Standard version
+        HRESULT CreateWICTextureFromMemory(
+            _In_ ID3D11Device* d3dDevice,
+            _In_reads_bytes_(wicDataSize) const uint8_t* wicData,
+            _In_ size_t wicDataSize,
+            _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11Resource** texture,
+            _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11ShaderResourceView** textureView,
+            _In_ size_t maxsize = 0) noexcept;
+
+    HRESULT CreateWICTextureFromFile(
+        _In_ ID3D11Device* d3dDevice,
+        _In_z_ const wchar_t* szFileName,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11Resource** texture,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11ShaderResourceView** textureView,
+        _In_ size_t maxsize = 0) noexcept;
+
+    // Standard version with optional auto-gen mipmap support
+    HRESULT CreateWICTextureFromMemory(
+        _In_ ID3D11Device* d3dDevice,
+        _In_opt_ ID3D11DeviceContext* d3dContext,
+        _In_reads_bytes_(wicDataSize) const uint8_t* wicData,
+        _In_ size_t wicDataSize,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11Resource** texture,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11ShaderResourceView** textureView,
+        _In_ size_t maxsize = 0) noexcept;
+
+    HRESULT CreateWICTextureFromFile(
+        _In_ ID3D11Device* d3dDevice,
+        _In_opt_ ID3D11DeviceContext* d3dContext,
+        _In_z_ const wchar_t* szFileName,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11Resource** texture,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11ShaderResourceView** textureView,
+        _In_ size_t maxsize = 0) noexcept;
+
+    // Extended version
+    HRESULT CreateWICTextureFromMemoryEx(
+        _In_ ID3D11Device* d3dDevice,
+        _In_reads_bytes_(wicDataSize) const uint8_t* wicData,
+        _In_ size_t wicDataSize,
+        _In_ size_t maxsize,
+        _In_ D3D11_USAGE usage,
+        _In_ unsigned int bindFlags,
+        _In_ unsigned int cpuAccessFlags,
+        _In_ unsigned int miscFlags,
+        _In_ WIC_LOADER_FLAGS loadFlags,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11Resource** texture,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11ShaderResourceView** textureView) noexcept;
+
+    HRESULT CreateWICTextureFromFileEx(
+        _In_ ID3D11Device* d3dDevice,
+        _In_z_ const wchar_t* szFileName,
+        _In_ size_t maxsize,
+        _In_ D3D11_USAGE usage,
+        _In_ unsigned int bindFlags,
+        _In_ unsigned int cpuAccessFlags,
+        _In_ unsigned int miscFlags,
+        _In_ WIC_LOADER_FLAGS loadFlags,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11Resource** texture,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11ShaderResourceView** textureView) noexcept;
+
+    // Extended version with optional auto-gen mipmap support
+    HRESULT CreateWICTextureFromMemoryEx(
+        _In_ ID3D11Device* d3dDevice,
+        _In_opt_ ID3D11DeviceContext* d3dContext,
+        _In_reads_bytes_(wicDataSize) const uint8_t* wicData,
+        _In_ size_t wicDataSize,
+        _In_ size_t maxsize,
+        _In_ D3D11_USAGE usage,
+        _In_ unsigned int bindFlags,
+        _In_ unsigned int cpuAccessFlags,
+        _In_ unsigned int miscFlags,
+        _In_ WIC_LOADER_FLAGS loadFlags,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11Resource** texture,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11ShaderResourceView** textureView) noexcept;
+
+    HRESULT CreateWICTextureFromFileEx(
+        _In_ ID3D11Device* d3dDevice,
+        _In_opt_ ID3D11DeviceContext* d3dContext,
+        _In_z_ const wchar_t* szFileName,
+        _In_ size_t maxsize,
+        _In_ D3D11_USAGE usage,
+        _In_ unsigned int bindFlags,
+        _In_ unsigned int cpuAccessFlags,
+        _In_ unsigned int miscFlags,
+        _In_ WIC_LOADER_FLAGS loadFlags,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11Resource** texture,
+        _Outptr_opt_ ID3D11ShaderResourceView** textureView) noexcept;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include "Window.h"
+
+INT Window::init(HINSTANCE hInstance, UINT width, UINT height)
+{
+	// 1. describe window class
+	WNDCLASS wc = {};
+	wc.hInstance = hInstance; // application instance
+	wc.lpszClassName = TEXT("D3D11"); // name of window class
+	wc.lpfnWndProc = WindowProc; // message queue handler function
+	wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC; // behaviour style and not visual style
+	wc.hbrBackground = CreateSolidBrush(RGB(255,0,0)); // set window background color
+	wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW); // set window cursor
+	wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_APPLICATION); // set window icon
+
+	// 2. register window class
+	if (!RegisterClass(&wc)) return 10;
+
+	// 3. adjust window size (optional)
+	DWORD style = WS_POPUP;
+	RECT rect = { 100, 100, width + 100, height + 100 }; // left-top corner, right-bottom corner
+	AdjustWindowRect(&rect, style, FALSE);
+
+	// 4. create window instance
+	_hWnd = CreateWindow(
+		wc.lpszClassName, // name of window class
+		wc.lpszClassName, // window title
+		style, // visual window style
+		rect.left, rect.top, // window position
+		rect.right - rect.left, rect.bottom - rect.top, // window size
+		nullptr, // parent window handle
+		nullptr, // menu instance handle
+		hInstance, // application instance
+		nullptr // optional parameter
+	);
+
+	if (_hWnd == nullptr) return 12;
+
+	// 5. show window
+	ShowWindow(_hWnd, SW_SHOW);
+	SetFocus(_hWnd);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+BOOL Window::run()
+{
+	// 6. run window
+
+	// message queue
+	// GetMessage - event based message method, return something if a new a message occur
+	// PeekMessage - returns a boolean, to signale if a message is available or not
+	// TranslateMessage - translate hardware keyboard codes (scan code) into virtual key table
+	// DispatchMessage - send message to WindowProc
+	// https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winmsg/messages-and-message-queues
+
+	MSG msg = {};
+
+	if (PeekMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, UINT_MAX, PM_REMOVE))
+	{
+		TranslateMessage(&msg);
+		DispatchMessage(&msg);
+	}
+
+	Sleep(10);
+
+	return msg.message != WM_QUIT;
+}
+
+void Window::deInit()
+{
+}
+
+LRESULT WindowProc(
+	HWND hWnd, // handle to window instance
+	UINT msg, // message id
+	WPARAM wParam, // main paramater
+	LPARAM lParam // additional parameters
+)
+{
+	switch (msg)
+	{
+	case WM_CLOSE:
+		DestroyWindow(hWnd);
+		break;
+
+	case WM_DESTROY:
+		PostQuitMessage(0);
+		break;
+
+	case WM_KEYDOWN:
+		if (wParam == VK_ESCAPE) DestroyWindow(hWnd);
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		return DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <Windows.h>
+
+class Window
+{
+public:
+	INT init(HINSTANCE hInstance, UINT width, UINT height);
+	BOOL run();
+	void deInit();
+
+	HWND getWindowHandle() const { return _hWnd; }
+
+private:
+	HWND _hWnd = nullptr; // handle to window instance
+};
+
+LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <random>
+#include "Window.h"
+#include "Direct3D.h"
+#include "Mesh.h"
+#include "Material.h"
+#include "Camera.h"
+#include "Time.h"
+#include "Light.h"
+#include "Utilities.h"
+
+int WINAPI WinMain(
+	HINSTANCE hInstance, // handle to instance of application
+	HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, // deprecated
+	PSTR szCmdLine, // command line
+	int nCmdShow // how should the window be opened (minimized, maximized or normal)
+)
+{
+	// some constant values
+	const UINT width = 640;
+	const UINT height = 480;
+	const BOOL isFullscreen = FALSE;
+	const BYTE red = 255;
+	const BYTE green = 255;
+	const BYTE blue = 255;
+
+	UINT error = 0; // error code for identifying errors
+
+	// 1. create window
+	Window window = {};
+	error = window.init(hInstance, width, height);
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 2. create connection to Direct3D
+	Direct3D d3d = {};
+	error = d3d.init(window.getWindowHandle(), width, height, isFullscreen);
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 3. create a mesh
+	Mesh mesh = {};
+	error = mesh.init(d3d.getDevice());
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 4. create a camera
+	Camera camera = {};
+	error = camera.init(width, height);
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 5. create time
+	Time time = {};
+	error = time.init();
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 6. create a material
+	Material material = {};
+	error = material.init(d3d.getDevice(), TEXT("wall.jpg"));
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 7. create light source
+	Light light = {};
+	Light::LightBuffer lightData = {};
+	lightData.LightVector = { 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f };
+	lightData.DiffuseColor = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
+	lightData.SpecularColor = { 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
+	lightData.LightIntensity = 1.0f;
+	lightData.Phong = 8.0f;
+	lightData.CameraPosition = { 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f };
+	error = light.init(d3d.getDevice(), lightData);
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 8. run application
+	while (window.run())
+	{
+		// 8.1. update objects
+		time.update();
+		mesh.update(time.getDeltaTime());
+		camera.update(time.getDeltaTime());
+		light.update(time.getDeltaTime());
+
+		// 8.2. render objects
+		static std::default_random_engine e;
+		static std::uniform_int_distribution<int> d(0, 255);
+
+		//d3d.beginScene(d(e), d(e), d(e));
+		d3d.beginScene(red, green, blue);
+
+		light.render(d3d.getDeviceContext());
+		material.setMatrixBuffer(d3d.getDeviceContext(), mesh.getWorldMatrix(), camera.getViewMatrix(), camera.getProjectionMatrix());
+		material.render(d3d.getDeviceContext());
+		mesh.render(d3d.getDeviceContext());
+
+		d3d.endScene();
+	}
+
+	// 9. tidy up
+	light.deInit();
+	time.deInit();
+	camera.deInit();
+	material.deInit();
+	mesh.deInit();
+	d3d.deInit();
+	window.deInit();
+
+	return 0;
+}