Added: window creation

CPlusPlus/.gitignore

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+# Prerequisites
+*.d
+
+# Compiled Object files
+*.slo
+*.lo
+*.o
+*.obj
+
+# Precompiled Headers
+*.gch
+*.pch
+
+# Compiled Dynamic libraries
+*.so
+*.dylib
+*.dll
+
+# Fortran module files
+*.mod
+*.smod
+
+# Compiled Static libraries
+*.lai
+*.la
+*.a
+*.lib
+
+# Executables
+*.exe
+*.out
+*.app
+
+## Ignore Visual Studio temporary files, build results, and
+## files generated by popular Visual Studio add-ons.
+##
+## Get latest from https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/master/VisualStudio.gitignore
+
+# User-specific files
+*.rsuser
+*.suo
+*.user
+*.userosscache
+*.sln.docstates
+
+# User-specific files (MonoDevelop/Xamarin Studio)
+*.userprefs
+
+# Mono auto generated files
+mono_crash.*
+
+# Build results
+[Dd]ebug/
+[Dd]ebugPublic/
+[Rr]elease/
+[Rr]eleases/
+x64/
+x86/
+[Ww][Ii][Nn]32/
+[Aa][Rr][Mm]/
+[Aa][Rr][Mm]64/
+bld/
+[Bb]in/
+[Oo]bj/
+[Ll]og/
+[Ll]ogs/
+
+# Visual Studio 2015/2017 cache/options directory
+.vs/
+# Uncomment if you have tasks that create the project's static files in wwwroot
+#wwwroot/
+
+# Visual Studio 2017 auto generated files
+Generated\ Files/
+
+# MSTest test Results
+[Tt]est[Rr]esult*/
+[Bb]uild[Ll]og.*
+
+# NUnit
+*.VisualState.xml
+TestResult.xml
+nunit-*.xml
+
+# Build Results of an ATL Project
+[Dd]ebugPS/
+[Rr]eleasePS/
+dlldata.c
+
+# Benchmark Results
+BenchmarkDotNet.Artifacts/
+
+# .NET Core
+project.lock.json
+project.fragment.lock.json
+artifacts/
+
+# ASP.NET Scaffolding
+ScaffoldingReadMe.txt
+
+# StyleCop
+StyleCopReport.xml
+
+# Files built by Visual Studio
+*_i.c
+*_p.c
+*_h.h
+*.ilk
+*.meta
+*.obj
+*.iobj
+*.pch
+*.pdb
+*.ipdb
+*.pgc
+*.pgd
+*.rsp
+*.sbr
+*.tlb
+*.tli
+*.tlh
+*.tmp
+*.tmp_proj
+*_wpftmp.csproj
+*.log
+*.tlog
+*.vspscc
+*.vssscc
+.builds
+*.pidb
+*.svclog
+*.scc
+
+# Chutzpah Test files
+_Chutzpah*
+
+# Visual C++ cache files
+ipch/
+*.aps
+*.ncb
+*.opendb
+*.opensdf
+*.sdf
+*.cachefile
+*.VC.db
+*.VC.VC.opendb
+
+# Visual Studio profiler
+*.psess
+*.vsp
+*.vspx
+*.sap
+
+# Visual Studio Trace Files
+*.e2e
+
+# TFS 2012 Local Workspace
+$tf/
+
+# Guidance Automation Toolkit
+*.gpState
+
+# ReSharper is a .NET coding add-in
+_ReSharper*/
+*.[Rr]e[Ss]harper
+*.DotSettings.user
+
+# TeamCity is a build add-in
+_TeamCity*
+
+# DotCover is a Code Coverage Tool
+*.dotCover
+
+# AxoCover is a Code Coverage Tool
+.axoCover/*
+!.axoCover/settings.json
+
+# Coverlet is a free, cross platform Code Coverage Tool
+coverage*.json
+coverage*.xml
+coverage*.info
+
+# Visual Studio code coverage results
+*.coverage
+*.coveragexml
+
+# NCrunch
+_NCrunch_*
+.*crunch*.local.xml
+nCrunchTemp_*
+
+# MightyMoose
+*.mm.*
+AutoTest.Net/
+
+# Web workbench (sass)
+.sass-cache/
+
+# Installshield output folder
+[Ee]xpress/
+
+# DocProject is a documentation generator add-in
+DocProject/buildhelp/
+DocProject/Help/*.HxT
+DocProject/Help/*.HxC
+DocProject/Help/*.hhc
+DocProject/Help/*.hhk
+DocProject/Help/*.hhp
+DocProject/Help/Html2
+DocProject/Help/html
+
+# Click-Once directory
+publish/
+
+# Publish Web Output
+*.[Pp]ublish.xml
+*.azurePubxml
+# Note: Comment the next line if you want to checkin your web deploy settings,
+# but database connection strings (with potential passwords) will be unencrypted
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+
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+
+# NuGet Packages
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+# The packages folder can be ignored because of Package Restore
+**/[Pp]ackages/*
+# except build/, which is used as an MSBuild target.
+!**/[Pp]ackages/build/
+# Uncomment if necessary however generally it will be regenerated when needed
+#!**/[Pp]ackages/repositories.config
+# NuGet v3's project.json files produces more ignorable files
+*.nuget.props
+*.nuget.targets
+
+# Nuget personal access tokens and Credentials
+nuget.config
+
+# Microsoft Azure Build Output
+csx/
+*.build.csdef
+
+# Microsoft Azure Emulator
+ecf/
+rcf/
+
+# Windows Store app package directories and files
+AppPackages/
+BundleArtifacts/
+Package.StoreAssociation.xml
+_pkginfo.txt
+*.appx
+*.appxbundle
+*.appxupload
+
+# Visual Studio cache files
+# files ending in .cache can be ignored
+*.[Cc]ache
+# but keep track of directories ending in .cache
+!?*.[Cc]ache/
+
+# Others
+ClientBin/
+~$*
+*~
+*.dbmdl
+*.dbproj.schemaview
+*.jfm
+*.pfx
+*.publishsettings
+orleans.codegen.cs
+
+# Including strong name files can present a security risk
+# (https://github.com/github/gitignore/pull/2483#issue-259490424)
+#*.snk
+
+# Since there are multiple workflows, uncomment next line to ignore bower_components
+# (https://github.com/github/gitignore/pull/1529#issuecomment-104372622)
+#bower_components/
+
+# RIA/Silverlight projects
+Generated_Code/
+
+# Backup & report files from converting an old project file
+# to a newer Visual Studio version. Backup files are not needed,
+# because we have git ;-)
+_UpgradeReport_Files/
+Backup*/
+UpgradeLog*.XML
+UpgradeLog*.htm
+ServiceFabricBackup/
+*.rptproj.bak
+
+# SQL Server files
+*.mdf
+*.ldf
+*.ndf
+
+# Business Intelligence projects
+*.rdl.data
+*.bim.layout
+*.bim_*.settings
+*.rptproj.rsuser
+*- [Bb]ackup.rdl
+*- [Bb]ackup ([0-9]).rdl
+*- [Bb]ackup ([0-9][0-9]).rdl
+
+# Microsoft Fakes
+FakesAssemblies/
+
+# GhostDoc plugin setting file
+*.GhostDoc.xml
+
+# Node.js Tools for Visual Studio
+.ntvs_analysis.dat
+node_modules/
+
+# Visual Studio 6 build log
+*.plg
+
+# Visual Studio 6 workspace options file
+*.opt
+
+# Visual Studio 6 auto-generated workspace file (contains which files were open etc.)
+*.vbw
+
+# Visual Studio LightSwitch build output
+**/*.HTMLClient/GeneratedArtifacts
+**/*.DesktopClient/GeneratedArtifacts
+**/*.DesktopClient/ModelManifest.xml
+**/*.Server/GeneratedArtifacts
+**/*.Server/ModelManifest.xml
+_Pvt_Extensions
+
+# Paket dependency manager
+.paket/paket.exe
+paket-files/
+
+# FAKE - F# Make
+.fake/
+
+# CodeRush personal settings
+.cr/personal
+
+# Python Tools for Visual Studio (PTVS)
+__pycache__/
+*.pyc
+
+# Cake - Uncomment if you are using it
+# tools/**
+# !tools/packages.config
+
+# Tabs Studio
+*.tss
+
+# Telerik's JustMock configuration file
+*.jmconfig
+
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+
+# OpenCover UI analysis results
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+
+# Azure Stream Analytics local run output
+ASALocalRun/
+
+# MSBuild Binary and Structured Log
+*.binlog
+
+# NVidia Nsight GPU debugger configuration file
+*.nvuser
+
+# MFractors (Xamarin productivity tool) working folder
+.mfractor/
+
+# Local History for Visual Studio
+.localhistory/
+
+# BeatPulse healthcheck temp database
+healthchecksdb
+
+# Backup folder for Package Reference Convert tool in Visual Studio 2017
+MigrationBackup/
+
+# Ionide (cross platform F# VS Code tools) working folder
+.ionide/
+
+# Fody - auto-generated XML schema
+FodyWeavers.xsd
+
+# VS Code files for those working on multiple tools
+.vscode/*
+!.vscode/settings.json
+!.vscode/tasks.json
+!.vscode/launch.json
+!.vscode/extensions.json
+*.code-workspace
+
+# Local History for Visual Studio Code
+.history/
+
+# Windows Installer files from build outputs
+*.cab
+*.msi
+*.msix
+*.msm
+*.msp
+
+# JetBrains Rider
+.idea/
+*.sln.iml

CPlusPlus/Classes/.idea/.gitignore

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+# Default ignored files
+/shelf/
+/workspace.xml
+# Editor-based HTTP Client requests
+/httpRequests/
+# Ignored default folder with query files
+/queries/
+# Datasource local storage ignored files
+/dataSources/
+/dataSources.local.xml

CPlusPlus/Classes/.idea/encodings.xml

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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="Encoding" addBOMForNewFiles="with BOM under Windows, with no BOM otherwise" />
+</project>

CPlusPlus/Classes/AttackType.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_ATTACKTYPE_H
+#define CLASSES_ATTACKTYPE_H
+
+enum AttackType {
+    Melee,
+    Ranged
+};
+
+#endif //CLASSES_ATTACKTYPE_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/CMakeLists.txt

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+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.3)
+project(Classes)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+
+add_executable(Classes main.cpp
+        Entity.cpp
+        Entity.h
+        Monster.cpp
+        Monster.h
+        Ork.cpp
+        Ork.h
+        Vector3.h
+        AttackType.h
+        IComparable.h
+        Weapon.h
+)

CPlusPlus/Classes/Entity.cpp

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#include "Entity.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+Entity::Entity() : _name("") //defined
+{
+    cout << "Entity constructor called" << endl;
+}
+
+Entity::Entity(string name) : _name(name)
+{
+    // _name = name;
+
+    cout << "Entity constructor with name called" << endl;
+}
+
+Entity::~Entity()
+{
+    cout << "Entity destructor called" << endl;
+}
+
+string Entity::toString()
+{
+    return "Entity: " + _name;
+}
+
+void Entity::setName(string name)
+{
+    _name = name;
+}

CPlusPlus/Classes/Entity.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_ENTITY_H
+#define CLASSES_ENTITY_H
+
+#include <string>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class Entity
+{
+public:
+    Entity(); // declared
+    Entity(string name); // declared
+    virtual ~Entity();
+
+    virtual string toString();
+    void setName(string name);
+
+protected:
+    string _name = "";
+
+private:
+}; // IMPORTANT: don't forget the semicolon
+
+
+#endif //CLASSES_ENTITY_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/IComparable.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 22.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_ICOMPARABLE_H
+#define CLASSES_ICOMPARABLE_H
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class IComparable
+{
+public:
+    // only for demonstration purposes
+    IComparable() { cout << "IComparable constructor called" << endl; }
+    virtual ~IComparable() { cout << "IComparable destructor called" << endl; }
+
+    virtual int compareTo(const IComparable& other) const = 0;
+};
+
+#endif //CLASSES_ICOMPARABLE_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/Monster.cpp

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#include "Monster.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+Monster::Monster() : Entity(""), _pWeapon(new Weapon())
+{
+    cout << "Monster constructor called" << endl;
+}
+
+Monster::Monster(string name) : Entity(name), _pWeapon(new Weapon())
+{
+    cout << "Monster constructor with name called" << endl;
+}
+
+Monster::Monster(const Monster& other)
+{
+    // shallow copy
+    this->_name = other._name;
+    // this->_pWeapon = other._pWeapon;
+
+    // deep copy
+    this->_pWeapon = new Weapon(*other._pWeapon);
+}
+
+Monster::~Monster()
+{
+    cout << "Monster destructor called" << endl;
+
+    if (_pWeapon != nullptr)
+    {
+        delete _pWeapon;
+        _pWeapon = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+string Monster::toString()
+{
+    return "Monster: " + _name;
+}
+
+int Monster::compareTo(const IComparable& other) const
+{
+    return 0;
+}

CPlusPlus/Classes/Monster.h

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_MONSTER_H
+#define CLASSES_MONSTER_H
+
+#include "Entity.h"
+#include "IComparable.h"
+#include "Weapon.h"
+
+
+class Monster : public Entity, public IComparable
+{
+public:
+    // default constructor, copy constructor & destructor, if you need one you'll need all of them
+    // internal pointers often requires a deep copy and so a default constructor & a copy constructor & a destructor
+    Monster();
+    Monster(string name);
+    Monster(const Monster& other);
+    ~Monster() override;
+
+    string toString() override;
+    int compareTo(const IComparable& other) const override;
+
+    // void assignWeapon(Weapon* weapon);
+
+protected:
+    Weapon* _pWeapon = nullptr;
+};
+
+
+#endif //CLASSES_MONSTER_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/Ork.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#include "Ork.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+Ork::Ork(string name) : Monster(name)
+{
+    cout << "Ork constructor with name called" << endl;
+}
+
+Ork::~Ork()
+{
+    cout << "Ork destructor called" << endl;
+}
+
+string Ork::toString()
+{
+    return "Ork: " + _name;
+}
+
+void Ork::testMethod()
+{
+    cout << "testMethod called" << endl;
+}

CPlusPlus/Classes/Ork.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_ORK_H
+#define CLASSES_ORK_H
+
+#include "Monster.h"
+
+
+class Ork : public Monster
+{
+public:
+    Ork(string name);
+    ~Ork() override;
+
+    string toString() override;
+    virtual void testMethod();
+};
+
+
+#endif //CLASSES_ORK_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/Vector3.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_VECTOR3_H
+#define CLASSES_VECTOR3_H
+
+struct Vector3
+{
+    float x;
+    float y;
+    float z;
+
+    Vector3() : x(0.0f), y(0.0f), z(0.0f) {}
+    Vector3(float _x, float _y, float _z) : x(_x), y(_y), z(_z) {}
+};
+
+#endif //CLASSES_VECTOR3_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/Weapon.h

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 23.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_WEAPON_H
+#define CLASSES_WEAPON_H
+
+class Weapon {
+public:
+    // implicit inlining
+    const int& getAmmo() const { return _ammo; }
+    void setAmmo(int ammo) { _ammo = ammo; }
+
+    // explicit inlining
+    const int& getDamage() const;
+    void setDamage(int damage);
+
+private:
+    int _ammo = 0;
+    int _damage = 0;
+};
+
+// explicit inlining needs the method definition to be always in the header file
+inline const int& Weapon::getDamage() const { return _damage; }
+inline void Weapon::setDamage(int damage) { _damage = damage; }
+
+#endif //CLASSES_WEAPON_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "AttackType.h"
+#include "Entity.h"
+#include "Monster.h"
+#include "Ork.h"
+#include "Vector3.h"
+#include "Weapon.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int main()
+{
+    Entity e("John"); // this is an entity instance
+    cout << e.toString() << endl;
+    e.setName("Fred");
+
+    Monster m("Doe");
+    cout << m.toString() << endl;
+    m.setName("Jane");
+
+    Ork o("Alex");
+
+    Monster m2 = m; // m2 is a copy of m
+
+    Vector3 v;
+    v.x = 1.0f;
+    v.y = 2.0f;
+    v.z = 3.0f;
+
+    Vector3 v2(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f);
+    Vector3 v3 = Vector3(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f);
+    Vector3 v4 = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f}; // list-initialization assigned
+    Vector3 v5 { 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f }; // list-initialization
+
+    Weapon w;
+    w.setAmmo(100);
+    // int ammo = w.getAmmo();
+    cout << w.getAmmo() << endl;
+    w.setDamage(9999);
+    int damage = w.getDamage();
+
+    Weapon* pWeapon = new Weapon();
+    pWeapon->setAmmo(100);
+    int ammo2 = pWeapon->getAmmo();
+
+    AttackType at = Melee;
+    at = AttackType::Ranged;
+
+    // interfaces & abstract classes
+    IComparable* pComparable = nullptr;
+    pComparable = &m;
+    pComparable = &o;
+    pComparable->compareTo(o);
+    (*pComparable).compareTo(o); // same as pComparable->compareTo(o)
+
+    IComparable* comparables[] = { new Ork("Ork 1"), new Ork("Ork 2"), new Monster };
+    for (int i = 0; i < size(comparables); ++i)
+    {
+        comparables[i]->compareTo(o);
+        delete comparables[i];
+        comparables[i] = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // create a heap pointer array
+    IComparable** heapComparables = new IComparable*[3];
+    heapComparables[0] = new Ork("Ork 1");
+    heapComparables[1] = new Ork("Ork 2");
+    heapComparables[2] = new Monster;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
+    {
+        // delete the elements first
+        delete heapComparables[i];
+        heapComparables[i] = nullptr;
+    }
+    delete[] heapComparables;
+    heapComparables = nullptr;
+
+    // casts
+    // c cast
+    int number = -100000000;
+    unsigned short smallPositiveNumber = (unsigned short)number;
+    int *pNumber = &number;
+    unsigned short* pSmallPositiveNumber = (unsigned short*)pNumber;
+    float fNumber = (float)number;
+    float* pFNumber = (float*)pNumber;
+    int* pNumbers = new int[3];
+    void** pVoidNumbers = (void**)&pNumbers;
+    Monster* pMonster = (Monster*)pNumbers;
+    Monster* pMonster2 = new Ork("Bla bla");
+    Ork* pOrk = (Ork*)pMonster2;
+    string toString = pOrk->toString();
+    pOrk->testMethod();
+    Monster* pMonster3 = new Monster();
+    Ork* pOrk2 = (Ork*)pMonster3;
+    string toString2 = pOrk2->toString();
+
+    // runtime error, because pMonster3 is a Monster, not an Ork,
+    // virtual table lookup is in the Monster and not the Ork class
+    // pOrk2->testMethod();
+
+    // c++ cast
+    // static_cast
+    smallPositiveNumber = static_cast<unsigned short>(number);
+
+    // compiler error, use reinterpret_cast with caution instead
+    // pSmallPositiveNumber = static_cast<unsigned short*>(pNumber);
+
+    fNumber = static_cast<float>(number);
+    // pFNumber = static_cast<float*>(pNumber);
+    // pVoidNumbers = static_cast<void**>(pNumbers);
+    pOrk = static_cast<Ork*>(pMonster2); // possible, but dynamic_cast is better
+    // Weapon* pWeapon = static_cast<Weapon*>(pMonster2); // compiler error, because Monster and Weapon are unrelated
+    // pOrk2 = static_cast<Ork*>(pMonster3); // possible, but dynamic_cast is better and this example will not work at all
+
+    // dynamic_cast, do runtime checks, same as 'as' in C#
+    pOrk = dynamic_cast<Ork*>(pMonster2);
+    pOrk2 = dynamic_cast<Ork*>(pMonster3);
+
+    // reinterpret_cast
+    // smallPositiveNumber = reinterpret_cast<unsigned short>(number); // compiler error, use static_cast instead
+    pSmallPositiveNumber = reinterpret_cast<unsigned short*>(pNumber);
+    pFNumber = reinterpret_cast<float*>(pNumber);
+
+    // const_cast
+    const char* sz = "Test";
+    // sz[0] = 'H'; // compiler error, use const_cast instead
+    // char* nonConstSz = sz;
+    char* nonConstSz = const_cast<char*>(sz);
+    nonConstSz[0] = 'H';
+
+    const string str = "Test";
+    string str2 = str;
+    str.c_str(); // if you need a zero terminated string, use c_str()
+    string str3 = to_string(number);
+
+    delete[] pNumbers;
+    pNumbers = nullptr;
+    pVoidNumbers = nullptr;
+    pNumber = nullptr;
+    pSmallPositiveNumber = nullptr;
+    pFNumber = nullptr;
+    pMonster = nullptr;
+    delete pMonster2;
+    pMonster2 = nullptr;
+    delete pMonster3;
+    pMonster3 = nullptr;
+
+    return 0;
+}

CPlusPlus/Collections/.idea/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Default ignored files
+/shelf/
+/workspace.xml
+# Editor-based HTTP Client requests
+/httpRequests/
+# Ignored default folder with query files
+/queries/
+# Datasource local storage ignored files
+/dataSources/
+/dataSources.local.xml

CPlusPlus/Collections/.idea/encodings.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="Encoding" addBOMForNewFiles="with BOM under Windows, with no BOM otherwise" />
+</project>

CPlusPlus/Collections/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.3)
+project(Collections)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+
+add_executable(Collections main.cpp
+        helpers.h
+        helpers.cpp)

CPlusPlus/Collections/helpers.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#include "helpers.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <ranges>
+
+int calculateGridIndex(int row, int column)
+{
+    return row * COLUMNS + column;
+}
+
+void printArray(int numbers[])
+{
+    int length = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]);
+    // int length2 = std::ranges::size(numbers);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
+    {
+        std::cout << "numbers[" << i << "]:" << numbers[i] << std::endl;
+    }
+}
+
+void printArray(int numbers[], size_t length)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
+    {
+        std::cout << "numbers[" << i << "]:" << numbers[i] << std::endl;
+    }
+}

CPlusPlus/Collections/helpers.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef COLLECTIONS_HELPERS_H
+#define COLLECTIONS_HELPERS_H
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+#define ROWS 5
+#define COLUMNS 10
+
+int calculateGridIndex(int row, int column);
+void printArray(int numbers[]);
+void printArray(int numbers[], size_t length);
+
+template <typename T>
+void printVector(std::vector<T> numbers)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < numbers.size(); ++i)
+    {
+        std::cout << "numbers[" << i << "]:" << numbers[i] << std::endl;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif //COLLECTIONS_HELPERS_H

CPlusPlus/Collections/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <list>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "helpers.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+// int main()
+int main(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+    // C arrays
+    int numbers[10];
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
+    {
+        numbers[i] = 0;
+    }
+
+    int numbers2[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
+    int numbers3[10] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
+
+    numbers[0] = 1;
+
+    cout << "numbers[5]: " << numbers[5] << endl;
+    cout << "numbers2[5]: " << numbers2[5] << endl;
+    cout << "numbers3[5]: " << numbers3[5] << endl;
+
+    // 2D array - 10 columns, 5 rows
+    int grid[ROWS * COLUMNS] = {};
+    grid[calculateGridIndex(0, 0)] = 1;
+
+    int grid2[ROWS][COLUMNS] = {};
+
+    // size of an array has to be constant always
+    const int COUNT = 10;
+    int numbers4[COUNT] = {};
+
+    // "dynamic" heap arrays
+    int count2 = 10;
+    int* pNumbers = new int[count2];
+    pNumbers[0] = 1;
+    int* pNumbers2 = pNumbers; // pointer looks onto first element
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count2; i++) // size can't be used for heap arrays
+    {
+        cout << pNumbers2 << ": " << *pNumbers2 << endl;
+        pNumbers2++;
+    }
+    delete[] pNumbers; // CAUTION - heap arrays have to be deleted with delete[]
+    pNumbers = pNumbers2 = nullptr;
+
+    // 2d heap arrays
+    int** pGrid = new int*[ROWS];
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ROWS; i++)
+    {
+        pGrid[i] = new int[COLUMNS];
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ROWS; i++)
+    {
+        // delete inner arrays first
+        delete[] pGrid[i];
+        pGrid[i] = nullptr;
+    }
+    delete[] pGrid; // delete outer array
+    pGrid = nullptr;
+
+    int length = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]);
+    int length2 = size(numbers);
+
+    printArray(numbers);
+    printArray(numbers, length);
+
+    // stl collections
+    std::vector<int> numbers5 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
+    vector<int> numbers6;
+    vector<int> numbers7(100);
+
+    cout << "numbers5 size is " << numbers5.size() << " of " << numbers5.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers6 size is " << numbers6.size() << " of " << numbers6.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers7 size is " << numbers7.size() << " of " << numbers7.capacity() << endl;
+
+    numbers5.push_back(100);
+    numbers6.push_back(100);
+    numbers7.push_back(100);
+
+    cout << "numbers5 size is " << numbers5.size() << " of " << numbers5.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers6 size is " << numbers6.size() << " of " << numbers6.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers7 size is " << numbers7.size() << " of " << numbers7.capacity() << endl;
+
+    numbers5.pop_back();
+    numbers5.pop_back();
+    // numbers6.pop_back(); numbers6.pop_back(); // BE CAREFUL: also stl containers have no safety checks
+    numbers7.pop_back();
+    numbers7.pop_back();
+
+    cout << "numbers5 size is " << numbers5.size() << " of " << numbers5.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers6 size is " << numbers6.size() << " of " << numbers6.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers7 size is " << numbers7.size() << " of " << numbers7.capacity() << endl;
+
+    numbers6[0] = 200;
+    numbers6.reserve(1000);
+    numbers6.shrink_to_fit();
+
+    printArray(numbers6.data(), numbers6.size());
+
+    list<int> numbers8;
+    list<int> numbers9 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
+    // numbers9[3] = 10; // random access is not available in list
+    list<int>::iterator it = numbers9.begin();
+    for (; it != numbers9.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        cout << *it << " ";
+    }
+    cout << endl;
+
+    numbers9.push_front(-1);
+    numbers9.push_back(5);
+
+    it = numbers9.begin(); // -1
+    it++; // 0
+    it++; // 1
+    it++; // 2
+    numbers9.insert(it, 15);
+
+    for (it = numbers9.begin(); it != numbers9.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        cout << *it << " ";
+    }
+    cout << endl;
+
+    for (int n : numbers9)
+    {
+
+    }
+
+    for_each(numbers9.begin(), numbers9.end(), [](int n) { cout << n << " "; });
+    cout << endl;
+
+    return 0;
+}

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/.idea/Forward_Declaration.iml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<module classpath="CIDR" type="CPP_MODULE" version="4" />

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.3)
+project(Forward_Declaration)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+
+add_executable(Forward_Declaration main.cpp
+        functions.h
+        functions.cpp)

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/functions.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+#include "functions.h"
+
+void functionE() {} // defined

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/functions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#ifndef FORWARD_DECLARATION_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define FORWARD_DECLARATION_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+void functionE(); // declared
+
+// void functionF() {} // declared & defined, linker error when included multiple times
+
+#endif //FORWARD_DECLARATION_FUNCTIONS_H

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#include "functions.h"
+
+void functionB() {} // declared & defined
+void functionC(); // declared
+void functionD(); // declared
+
+int main()
+{
+    // functionA(); // compiler error, because functionA is declared & defined after it is called
+    functionB(); // no error
+    // functionC(); // linker error, because functionC is declared but not defined
+    functionD(); // no error
+    functionE(); // no error
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void functionA() {} // declared & defined
+
+void functionD() {} // defined
+
+// void functionE() {} // linker error, because functionE is defined multiple times

CPlusPlus/Intro/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.3)
+project(Intro)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+
+add_executable(Intro main.cpp)

CPlusPlus/Intro/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int main()
+{
+    // console output
+    std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << 1234 << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Another test!\n";
+
+    cout << "It is also working without std::" << endl;
+
+    int number = 10;
+    cout << "number: " << number << endl;
+
+    // cout << L"This is a wide character string, but it is not supported by cout." << endl;
+
+    // console input
+    cin >> number;
+    cout << "number: " << number << endl;
+
+    char c;
+    cin >> c;
+    cout << "c: " << c << endl;
+
+    cin >> c >> number;
+    cout << "c: " << c << endl;
+    cout << "number: " << number << endl;
+
+    // boolean
+    bool b = 1; // 0 -> false, anything else -> true
+    cout << "b: " << b << endl;
+
+    if (number != 0)
+    {
+        // true
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // false
+    }
+
+    // zero-terminated string
+    const char str[] = "Hello";
+
+    return 0;
+}

CPlusPlus/Pointers/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.3)
+project(Pointers)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+
+add_executable(Pointers main.cpp
+        helpers.h
+        helpers.cpp)

CPlusPlus/Pointers/helpers.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 22.09.26.
+//
+#include "helpers.h"
+
+void changeInteger(int value)
+{
+    value *= 10;
+}
+
+int changeIntegerByReturn(int value)
+{
+    return value * 10;
+}
+
+bool changeIntegerByPointer(int* pValue)
+{
+    if (pValue == nullptr)
+        return false;
+
+    *pValue *= 10;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void changeIntegerByReference(int& value)
+{
+    value *= 10;
+}
+
+void createInteger(int* pNumber)
+{
+    pNumber = new int(0);
+}
+
+void createIntegerWithPointerPointer(int** ppNumber)
+{
+    if (ppNumber == nullptr)
+        return;
+
+    *ppNumber = new int(0);
+}

CPlusPlus/Pointers/helpers.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 22.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef POINTERS_HELPERS_H
+#define POINTERS_HELPERS_H
+
+void changeInteger(int value);
+int changeIntegerByReturn(int value);
+bool changeIntegerByPointer(int* pValue);
+void changeIntegerByReference(int& value);
+
+void createInteger(int* pNumber);
+void createIntegerWithPointerPointer(int** ppNumber);
+
+template<typename T>
+void safeDelete(T*& ptr)
+{
+    if (ptr != nullptr)
+    {
+        delete ptr;
+        ptr = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif //POINTERS_HELPERS_H

CPlusPlus/Pointers/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "helpers.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int main()
+{
+    // general
+    int* pNumber = nullptr; // always initialize pointers
+    pNumber = new int(0); // create a new integer on the heap and assign its address to pNumber
+
+    cout << "pointer address: " << &pNumber << endl;
+    cout << "pointer size: " << sizeof(pNumber) << endl;
+    cout << "integer address: " << pNumber << endl;
+    cout << "integer size: " << sizeof(*pNumber) << endl;
+
+    *pNumber = 100;
+    cout << "integer value: " << *pNumber << endl;
+
+    // BAD BAD - memory leak, because we override the old address with a
+    // new one without saving or deleting the old data
+    // pNumber = new int(0);
+
+    // here are 100s lines of code
+
+    if (pNumber != nullptr)
+    {
+        delete pNumber; // will delete the integer on the heap
+        pNumber = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    safeDelete(pNumber);
+
+    // pointer as references outside local scope
+    int number = 10;
+    changeInteger(number);
+    number = changeIntegerByReturn(number);
+    changeIntegerByPointer(&number);
+    changeIntegerByPointer(pNumber);
+    changeIntegerByReference(number);
+
+    // smart pointer
+    // unique_ptr - only onw owner exist for the pointer
+    // shared_ptr - can have multiple owners
+    // weak_ptr - is a loose connection to a shared pointer
+
+    unique_ptr<int> pNumberUnique = make_unique<int>(0);
+    *pNumberUnique = 100;
+    // unique_ptr<int> pNumberUnique2 = pNumberUnique; // compiler error - you can't create a copy of a unique pointer
+    unique_ptr<int> pNumberUnique2 = make_unique<int>(*pNumberUnique);
+
+    shared_ptr<int> pNumberShared = make_shared<int>(0);
+    shared_ptr<int> pNumberShared2 = pNumberShared;
+
+    *pNumberShared2 = 100;
+
+    pNumberShared.reset();
+
+    weak_ptr<int> pNumberWeak = pNumberShared2;
+    // *pNumberWeak = 1000; // compiler error - weak pointer can't be dereferenced
+
+    if (!pNumberWeak.expired())
+    {
+        shared_ptr<int> tmpNumberShared = pNumberWeak.lock();
+        *tmpNumberShared = 1000;
+    }
+
+    pNumberShared2.reset();
+    shared_ptr<int> pNumberShared3 = pNumberWeak.lock();
+    if (pNumberShared3 != nullptr)
+    {
+        *pNumberShared3 = 10000;
+    }
+    
+    // pointer-pointer
+    createInteger(pNumber); // BAD BAD - memory leak created
+    createIntegerWithPointerPointer(&pNumber);
+
+    safeDelete(pNumber);
+
+    // const examples
+    const int constNumber = 10; // a constant value has to be directly initialized
+    // constNumber = 20; // a const value can't be changed
+
+    const int* constNumberPointer;
+    // *constNumberPointer = 20; // a const value can't be changed
+    constNumberPointer = new int(20); // the pointer isn't constant
+
+    int const* numberConstPointer;
+    // *numberConstPointer = 20; // a const value can't be changed
+    numberConstPointer = new int(20); // the pointer isn't constant
+
+    int* const numberPointerConst = new int(10); // a constant pointer has to be directly initialized
+    *numberPointerConst = 20; // the value can be changed, because it is not constant
+    // numberPointerConst = new int(20); // a const pointer can't be changed
+
+    // const int const * constNumberConstPointer; // not working at all, because of duplicated const expression
+
+    const int* const constNumberPointerConst = new int(10); // a constant pointer has to be directly initialized
+    // *constNumberPointerConst = 20; // a const value can't be changed
+    // constNumberPointerConst = new int(20); // a const pointer can't be changed
+
+    int const* const numberConstPointerConst = new int(10); // a constant pointer has to be directly initialized
+    // *numberConstPointerConst = 20; // a const value can't be changed
+    // numberConstPointerConst = new int(20); // a const pointer can't be changed
+    
+    // const int const * const constNumberConstPointerConst; // not working at all, because of duplicated const expression
+
+    return 0;
+}

GraphicsProgramming/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+# Prerequisites
+*.d
+
+# Compiled Object files
+*.slo
+*.lo
+*.o
+*.obj
+
+# Precompiled Headers
+*.gch
+*.pch
+
+# Compiled Dynamic libraries
+*.so
+*.dylib
+*.dll
+
+# Fortran module files
+*.mod
+*.smod
+
+# Compiled Static libraries
+*.lai
+*.la
+*.a
+*.lib
+
+# Executables
+*.exe
+*.out
+*.app
+
+## Ignore Visual Studio temporary files, build results, and
+## files generated by popular Visual Studio add-ons.
+##
+## Get latest from https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/master/VisualStudio.gitignore
+
+# User-specific files
+*.rsuser
+*.suo
+*.user
+*.userosscache
+*.sln.docstates
+
+# User-specific files (MonoDevelop/Xamarin Studio)
+*.userprefs
+
+# Mono auto generated files
+mono_crash.*
+
+# Build results
+[Dd]ebug/
+[Dd]ebugPublic/
+[Rr]elease/
+[Rr]eleases/
+x64/
+x86/
+[Ww][Ii][Nn]32/
+[Aa][Rr][Mm]/
+[Aa][Rr][Mm]64/
+bld/
+[Bb]in/
+[Oo]bj/
+[Ll]og/
+[Ll]ogs/
+
+# Visual Studio 2015/2017 cache/options directory
+.vs/
+# Uncomment if you have tasks that create the project's static files in wwwroot
+#wwwroot/
+
+# Visual Studio 2017 auto generated files
+Generated\ Files/
+
+# MSTest test Results
+[Tt]est[Rr]esult*/
+[Bb]uild[Ll]og.*
+
+# NUnit
+*.VisualState.xml
+TestResult.xml
+nunit-*.xml
+
+# Build Results of an ATL Project
+[Dd]ebugPS/
+[Rr]eleasePS/
+dlldata.c
+
+# Benchmark Results
+BenchmarkDotNet.Artifacts/
+
+# .NET Core
+project.lock.json
+project.fragment.lock.json
+artifacts/
+
+# ASP.NET Scaffolding
+ScaffoldingReadMe.txt
+
+# StyleCop
+StyleCopReport.xml
+
+# Files built by Visual Studio
+*_i.c
+*_p.c
+*_h.h
+*.ilk
+*.meta
+*.obj
+*.iobj
+*.pch
+*.pdb
+*.ipdb
+*.pgc
+*.pgd
+*.rsp
+*.sbr
+*.tlb
+*.tli
+*.tlh
+*.tmp
+*.tmp_proj
+*_wpftmp.csproj
+*.log
+*.tlog
+*.vspscc
+*.vssscc
+.builds
+*.pidb
+*.svclog
+*.scc
+
+# Chutzpah Test files
+_Chutzpah*
+
+# Visual C++ cache files
+ipch/
+*.aps
+*.ncb
+*.opendb
+*.opensdf
+*.sdf
+*.cachefile
+*.VC.db
+*.VC.VC.opendb
+
+# Visual Studio profiler
+*.psess
+*.vsp
+*.vspx
+*.sap
+
+# Visual Studio Trace Files
+*.e2e
+
+# TFS 2012 Local Workspace
+$tf/
+
+# Guidance Automation Toolkit
+*.gpState
+
+# ReSharper is a .NET coding add-in
+_ReSharper*/
+*.[Rr]e[Ss]harper
+*.DotSettings.user
+
+# TeamCity is a build add-in
+_TeamCity*
+
+# DotCover is a Code Coverage Tool
+*.dotCover
+
+# AxoCover is a Code Coverage Tool
+.axoCover/*
+!.axoCover/settings.json
+
+# Coverlet is a free, cross platform Code Coverage Tool
+coverage*.json
+coverage*.xml
+coverage*.info
+
+# Visual Studio code coverage results
+*.coverage
+*.coveragexml
+
+# NCrunch
+_NCrunch_*
+.*crunch*.local.xml
+nCrunchTemp_*
+
+# MightyMoose
+*.mm.*
+AutoTest.Net/
+
+# Web workbench (sass)
+.sass-cache/
+
+# Installshield output folder
+[Ee]xpress/
+
+# DocProject is a documentation generator add-in
+DocProject/buildhelp/
+DocProject/Help/*.HxT
+DocProject/Help/*.HxC
+DocProject/Help/*.hhc
+DocProject/Help/*.hhk
+DocProject/Help/*.hhp
+DocProject/Help/Html2
+DocProject/Help/html
+
+# Click-Once directory
+publish/
+
+# Publish Web Output
+*.[Pp]ublish.xml
+*.azurePubxml
+# Note: Comment the next line if you want to checkin your web deploy settings,
+# but database connection strings (with potential passwords) will be unencrypted
+*.pubxml
+*.publishproj
+
+# Microsoft Azure Web App publish settings. Comment the next line if you want to
+# checkin your Azure Web App publish settings, but sensitive information contained
+# in these scripts will be unencrypted
+PublishScripts/
+
+# NuGet Packages
+*.nupkg
+# NuGet Symbol Packages
+*.snupkg
+# The packages folder can be ignored because of Package Restore
+**/[Pp]ackages/*
+# except build/, which is used as an MSBuild target.
+!**/[Pp]ackages/build/
+# Uncomment if necessary however generally it will be regenerated when needed
+#!**/[Pp]ackages/repositories.config
+# NuGet v3's project.json files produces more ignorable files
+*.nuget.props
+*.nuget.targets
+
+# Nuget personal access tokens and Credentials
+nuget.config
+
+# Microsoft Azure Build Output
+csx/
+*.build.csdef
+
+# Microsoft Azure Emulator
+ecf/
+rcf/
+
+# Windows Store app package directories and files
+AppPackages/
+BundleArtifacts/
+Package.StoreAssociation.xml
+_pkginfo.txt
+*.appx
+*.appxbundle
+*.appxupload
+
+# Visual Studio cache files
+# files ending in .cache can be ignored
+*.[Cc]ache
+# but keep track of directories ending in .cache
+!?*.[Cc]ache/
+
+# Others
+ClientBin/
+~$*
+*~
+*.dbmdl
+*.dbproj.schemaview
+*.jfm
+*.pfx
+*.publishsettings
+orleans.codegen.cs
+
+# Including strong name files can present a security risk
+# (https://github.com/github/gitignore/pull/2483#issue-259490424)
+#*.snk
+
+# Since there are multiple workflows, uncomment next line to ignore bower_components
+# (https://github.com/github/gitignore/pull/1529#issuecomment-104372622)
+#bower_components/
+
+# RIA/Silverlight projects
+Generated_Code/
+
+# Backup & report files from converting an old project file
+# to a newer Visual Studio version. Backup files are not needed,
+# because we have git ;-)
+_UpgradeReport_Files/
+Backup*/
+UpgradeLog*.XML
+UpgradeLog*.htm
+ServiceFabricBackup/
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+
+# SQL Server files
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+
+# Business Intelligence projects
+*.rdl.data
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+*.rptproj.rsuser
+*- [Bb]ackup.rdl
+*- [Bb]ackup ([0-9]).rdl
+*- [Bb]ackup ([0-9][0-9]).rdl
+
+# Microsoft Fakes
+FakesAssemblies/
+
+# GhostDoc plugin setting file
+*.GhostDoc.xml
+
+# Node.js Tools for Visual Studio
+.ntvs_analysis.dat
+node_modules/
+
+# Visual Studio 6 build log
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+
+# Visual Studio 6 workspace options file
+*.opt
+
+# Visual Studio 6 auto-generated workspace file (contains which files were open etc.)
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+
+# Visual Studio LightSwitch build output
+**/*.HTMLClient/GeneratedArtifacts
+**/*.DesktopClient/GeneratedArtifacts
+**/*.DesktopClient/ModelManifest.xml
+**/*.Server/GeneratedArtifacts
+**/*.Server/ModelManifest.xml
+_Pvt_Extensions
+
+# Paket dependency manager
+.paket/paket.exe
+paket-files/
+
+# FAKE - F# Make
+.fake/
+
+# CodeRush personal settings
+.cr/personal
+
+# Python Tools for Visual Studio (PTVS)
+__pycache__/
+*.pyc
+
+# Cake - Uncomment if you are using it
+# tools/**
+# !tools/packages.config
+
+# Tabs Studio
+*.tss
+
+# Telerik's JustMock configuration file
+*.jmconfig
+
+# BizTalk build output
+*.btp.cs
+*.btm.cs
+*.odx.cs
+*.xsd.cs
+
+# OpenCover UI analysis results
+OpenCover/
+
+# Azure Stream Analytics local run output
+ASALocalRun/
+
+# MSBuild Binary and Structured Log
+*.binlog
+
+# NVidia Nsight GPU debugger configuration file
+*.nvuser
+
+# MFractors (Xamarin productivity tool) working folder
+.mfractor/
+
+# Local History for Visual Studio
+.localhistory/
+
+# BeatPulse healthcheck temp database
+healthchecksdb
+
+# Backup folder for Package Reference Convert tool in Visual Studio 2017
+MigrationBackup/
+
+# Ionide (cross platform F# VS Code tools) working folder
+.ionide/
+
+# Fody - auto-generated XML schema
+FodyWeavers.xsd
+
+# VS Code files for those working on multiple tools
+.vscode/*
+!.vscode/settings.json
+!.vscode/tasks.json
+!.vscode/launch.json
+!.vscode/extensions.json
+*.code-workspace
+
+# Local History for Visual Studio Code
+.history/
+
+# Windows Installer files from build outputs
+*.cab
+*.msi
+*.msix
+*.msm
+*.msp
+
+# JetBrains Rider
+.idea/
+*.sln.iml

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Camera.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include "Camera.h"
+
+UINT Camera::init(UINT width, UINT height)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Camera::update(FLOAT dt)
+{
+}
+
+void Camera::deInit()
+{
+}

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Camera.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <DirectXMath.h>
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+class Camera
+{
+public:
+	UINT init(UINT width, UINT height);
+	void update(FLOAT dt);
+	void deInit();
+
+	const XMFLOAT4X4& getViewMatrix() const { return _viewMatrix; }
+	const XMFLOAT4X4& getProjectionMatrix() const { return _projectionMatrix; }
+	const XMFLOAT3 getCameraPosition() const { return XMFLOAT3(_viewMatrix._14, _viewMatrix._24, _viewMatrix._34); }
+
+private:
+	XMFLOAT4X4 _viewMatrix = {};
+	XMFLOAT4X4 _projectionMatrix = {};
+};
+

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/D3D11.vcxproj

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
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+    <ClCompile Include="Light.cpp" />
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+    <ClCompile Include="Time.cpp" />
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+    <ClCompile Include="Window.cpp" />
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+    <ClInclude Include="Utilities.h" />
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GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/D3D11.vcxproj.filters

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
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+      <Extensions>cpp;c;cc;cxx;c++;cppm;ixx;def;odl;idl;hpj;bat;asm;asmx</Extensions>
+    </Filter>
+    <Filter Include="Header Files">
+      <UniqueIdentifier>{93995380-89BD-4b04-88EB-625FBE52EBFB}</UniqueIdentifier>
+      <Extensions>h;hh;hpp;hxx;h++;hm;inl;inc;ipp;xsd</Extensions>
+    </Filter>
+    <Filter Include="Resource Files">
+      <UniqueIdentifier>{67DA6AB6-F800-4c08-8B7A-83BB121AAD01}</UniqueIdentifier>
+      <Extensions>rc;ico;cur;bmp;dlg;rc2;rct;bin;rgs;gif;jpg;jpeg;jpe;resx;tiff;tif;png;wav;mfcribbon-ms</Extensions>
+    </Filter>
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+    <ClCompile Include="Camera.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
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+    <ClCompile Include="Direct3D.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
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+    <ClCompile Include="Light.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
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+    <ClCompile Include="main.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="Material.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="Mesh.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
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+    <ClCompile Include="Time.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
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+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
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+    <ClCompile Include="Window.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+  </ItemGroup>
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+    <ClInclude Include="Camera.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="Direct3D.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="Light.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="Material.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="Mesh.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="Time.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
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+    <ClInclude Include="Utilities.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
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+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
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+  </ItemGroup>
+</Project>

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Direct3D.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#include "Direct3D.h"
+
+INT Direct3D::init(HWND hWnd, UINT width, UINT height, BOOL isFullscreen)
+{
+	// 1. define swap chain description
+
+	// 2. create Direct3D device, device context & swap chain
+
+	// 3. create render target
+
+	// 4. create depth stencil buffer
+
+	// 5. create rasterizer state
+
+	// 6. describe viewport
+
+	// 7. setup render pipeline (device context)
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void Direct3D::beginScene()
+{
+}
+
+void Direct3D::endScene()
+{
+}
+
+void Direct3D::deInit()
+{
+}

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Direct3D.h

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+
+#pragma comment(lib, "d3d11.lib")
+
+class Direct3D
+{
+public:
+	INT init(HWND hWnd, UINT width, UINT height, BOOL isFullscreen);
+	void beginScene();
+	void endScene();
+	void deInit();
+
+	ID3D11Device* getDevice() const { return _pD3DDevice; }
+	ID3D11DeviceContext* getDeviceContext() const { return _pD3DDeviceContext; }
+
+private:
+	ID3D11Device* _pD3DDevice = nullptr; // needed for creating all objects, e.g. buffer, textures, etc., used in init phase
+	ID3D11DeviceContext* _pD3DDeviceContext = nullptr; // access to render pipeline, e.g. set matrices or draw command, used in run phase
+	IDXGISwapChain* _pDXGISwapChain = nullptr; // holds references to front & back buffer & swaps them
+	ID3D11RenderTargetView* _pD3DRenderTargetView = nullptr; // target device context is rendering to
+};
+

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Light.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include "Light.h"
+
+UINT Light::init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LightBuffer& lightData)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Light::update(FLOAT dt)
+{
+}
+
+void Light::render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext)
+{
+}
+
+void Light::deInit()
+{
+}

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Light.h

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <DirectXMath.h>
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+class Light
+{
+public:
+	struct LightBuffer
+	{
+		XMFLOAT3 LightVector;
+		FLOAT LightIntensity;
+		XMFLOAT4 DiffuseColor;
+		XMFLOAT4 SpecularColor;
+		XMFLOAT3 CameraPosition;
+		FLOAT Phong;
+	};
+
+	UINT init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LightBuffer& lightData);
+	void update(FLOAT dt);
+	void render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext);
+	void deInit();
+
+private:
+	ID3D11Buffer* _pLightBuffer = nullptr;
+};
+

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Material.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#include "Material.h"
+#include "Utilities.h"
+
+UINT Material::init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LPCWSTR textureFileName)
+{
+    UINT error = 0;
+
+    error = createVertexShader(pD3DDevice);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    error = createPixelShader(pD3DDevice);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    error = createMatrixBuffer(pD3DDevice);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    error = createTextureAndSamplerState(pD3DDevice, textureFileName);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Material::render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext)
+{
+}
+
+void Material::deInit()
+{
+}
+
+void Material::setMatrixBuffer(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext, const XMFLOAT4X4& worldMatrix, const XMFLOAT4X4& viewMatrix, const XMFLOAT4X4& projectionMatrix)
+{
+}
+
+UINT Material::createVertexShader(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+UINT Material::createPixelShader(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+UINT Material::createInputLayout(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, ID3DBlob* pCompiledVertexShaderCode)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+UINT Material::createMatrixBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+UINT Material::createTextureAndSamplerState(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LPCWSTR textureFileName)
+{
+    return 0;
+}

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Material.h

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <d3dcompiler.h>
+#include <DirectXMath.h>
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+#pragma comment(lib, "d3dcompiler.lib")
+
+class Material
+{
+public:
+	UINT init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LPCWSTR textureFileName);
+	void render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext);
+	void deInit();
+
+	void setMatrixBuffer(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext, const XMFLOAT4X4& worldMatrix, const XMFLOAT4X4& viewMatrix, const XMFLOAT4X4& projectionMatrix);
+
+private:
+	UINT createVertexShader(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+	UINT createPixelShader(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+	UINT createInputLayout(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, ID3DBlob* pCompiledVertexShaderCode);
+	UINT createMatrixBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+	UINT createTextureAndSamplerState(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice, LPCWSTR textureFileName);
+
+	ID3D11VertexShader* _pVertexShader = nullptr;
+	ID3D11PixelShader* _pPixelShader = nullptr;
+	ID3D11InputLayout* _pInputLayout = nullptr; // byte structure of vertex
+
+	struct MatrixBuffer
+	{
+		XMFLOAT4X4 WorldViewProjectionMatrix;
+		XMFLOAT4X4 WorldMatrix;
+	};
+	ID3D11Buffer* _pMatrixBuffer = nullptr;
+
+	ID3D11ShaderResourceView* _pTexture = {};
+	ID3D11SamplerState* _pSamplerState = {};
+};
+

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Mesh.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#include "Mesh.h"
+#include "Utilities.h"
+
+UINT Mesh::init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+    UINT error = 0;
+
+    error = createVertexBuffer(pD3DDevice);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    error = createIndexBuffer(pD3DDevice);
+    CheckError(error);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Mesh::update(FLOAT dt)
+{
+}
+
+void Mesh::render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext)
+{
+}
+
+void Mesh::deInit()
+{
+}
+
+UINT Mesh::createVertexBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+UINT Mesh::createIndexBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice)
+{
+    return 0;
+}

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Mesh.h

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <d3d11.h>
+#include <DirectXMath.h>
+
+using namespace DirectX;
+
+class Mesh
+{
+public:
+	UINT init(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+	void update(FLOAT dt);
+	void render(ID3D11DeviceContext* pD3DDeviceContext);
+	void deInit();
+
+	const XMFLOAT4X4& getWorldMatrix() const { return _worldMatrix; }
+
+private:
+	UINT createVertexBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+	UINT createIndexBuffer(ID3D11Device* pD3DDevice);
+
+	ID3D11Buffer* _pVertexBuffer = nullptr; // dumps mesh vertices
+	ID3D11Buffer* _pIndexBuffer = nullptr; // dumps mesh indices
+
+	UINT _vertexCount = 0; // amount of vertices
+	UINT _vertexStride = 0; // size of one vertex in bytes
+	UINT _indexCount = 0; // amount of indices
+
+	XMFLOAT4X4 _worldMatrix = {};
+};

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Time.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include "Time.h"
+
+UINT Time::init()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Time::update()
+{
+}
+
+void Time::deInit()
+{
+}

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Time.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <chrono>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+typedef chrono::steady_clock CLOCK;
+typedef CLOCK::time_point TIME_POINT;
+typedef chrono::duration<FLOAT> SECONDS;
+
+class Time
+{
+public:
+	UINT init();
+	void update();
+	void deInit();
+
+	FLOAT getDeltaTime() const { return _deltaTime; }
+
+private:
+	FLOAT _deltaTime = 0.0f;
+	TIME_POINT _lastTime = {};
+};
+

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Utilities.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#include "Utilities.h"
+
+void ShowError(UINT error)
+{
+#if _DEBUG
+	LPCTSTR msg = TEXT("Application quit with an error: ");
+#if UNICODE
+	std::wstring s = std::wstring(msg) + std::to_wstring(error);
+	msg = s.c_str();
+#else // UNICODE
+	std::string s = std::string(msg) + std::to_string(error);
+	msg = s.c_str();
+#endif // UNICODE
+	MessageBox(nullptr, msg, TEXT("Error"), MB_OK);
+#endif // DEBUG
+}

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Utilities.h

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <string>
+
+void ShowError(UINT error);
+
+#define CheckError(x) if (x != 0) \
+{ \
+	ShowError(x); \
+	return x; \
+}
+
+#define CheckFailed(hr, x) if (FAILED(hr)) \
+{ \
+	ShowError(x); \
+	return x; \
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+void safeRelease(T*& obj)
+{
+	if (obj != nullptr)
+	{
+		obj->Release();
+		obj = nullptr;
+	}
+}

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Window.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#include "Window.h"
+
+INT Window::init(HINSTANCE hInstance, UINT width, UINT height)
+{
+    // 1. describe window class
+    WNDCLASS wc = {};
+    wc.hInstance = hInstance;
+    wc.lpszClassName = TEXT("D3D11"); // class name
+    wc.lpfnWndProc = WindowProc; // global communication (message queue) function
+    wc.hbrBackground = CreateSolidBrush(RGB(0, 255, 0)); // handle to background color
+    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW); // handle to cursor icon
+    wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_APPLICATION); // handle to application icon
+    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC; // technical behaviour
+
+    // 2. register window class
+    if (!RegisterClass(&wc)) return 100;
+
+    // 3. adjust window size (optional)
+
+
+    // 4. create window instance
+    _hWnd = CreateWindow(
+        wc.lpszClassName, // class name
+        wc.lpszClassName, // window title
+        WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, // visual style
+        100, 100, // window position (left-top corner)
+        width, height, // window size
+        nullptr, // optional handle to a parent window
+        nullptr, // optional handle to a menu instance
+        hInstance,
+        nullptr // pointer to optional parameters
+    );
+    if (_hWnd == nullptr) return 110;
+
+    // 5. show window
+    ShowWindow(_hWnd, SW_SHOW);
+    SetFocus(_hWnd);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+BOOL Window::run()
+{
+    // 6. run window
+    // GetMessage - synchronous call to get the latest message, but holds the execution until there is a new message
+    // PeekMessage - return also the latest message, but also returns false if there is no message available
+    // TranslateMessage - translates keyboard input
+    // DispatchMessage - sends message to window procedure
+
+    MSG msg = {};
+    if (PeekMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, UINT_MAX, PM_REMOVE))
+    {
+        TranslateMessage(&msg);
+        DispatchMessage(&msg);
+    }
+
+    return msg.message != WM_QUIT;
+}
+
+void Window::deInit()
+{
+}
+
+LRESULT WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
+{
+    switch (msg)
+    {
+    case WM_CLOSE:
+        DestroyWindow(hWnd);
+        return 0;
+
+    case WM_DESTROY:
+        PostQuitMessage(0);
+        return 0;
+
+    case WM_KEYDOWN:
+        if (wParam == VK_ESCAPE) DestroyWindow(hWnd);
+        return 0;
+
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    return DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
+}

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/Window.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <Windows.h>
+
+class Window
+{
+public:
+	INT init(HINSTANCE hInstance, UINT width, UINT height);
+	BOOL run();
+	void deInit();
+
+	HWND getWindowHandle() const { return _hWnd; }
+
+private:
+	HWND _hWnd = nullptr; // handle to window instance
+};
+
+LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);

GraphicsProgramming/D3D11/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include "Window.h"
+#include "Direct3D.h"
+#include "Mesh.h"
+#include "Material.h"
+#include "Camera.h"
+#include "Time.h"
+#include "Light.h"
+#include "Utilities.h"
+
+int WINAPI WinMain(
+	HINSTANCE hInstance, // handle to instance of application
+	HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, // deprecated
+	PSTR szCmdLine, // command line
+	int nCmdShow // how should the window be opened (minimized, maximized or normal)
+)
+{
+	// some constant values
+	const UINT width = 640;
+	const UINT height = 480;
+	const BOOL isFullscreen = FALSE;
+
+	UINT error = 0; // error code for identifying errors
+
+	// 1. create window
+	Window window = {};
+	error = window.init(hInstance, width, height);
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 2. create connection to Direct3D
+	Direct3D d3d = {};
+	error = d3d.init(window.getWindowHandle(), width, height, isFullscreen);
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 3. create a mesh
+	Mesh mesh = {};
+	error = mesh.init(d3d.getDevice());
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 4. create a camera
+	Camera camera = {};
+	error = camera.init(width, height);
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 5. create time
+	Time time = {};
+	error = time.init();
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 6. create a material
+	Material material = {};
+	error = material.init(d3d.getDevice(), TEXT("wall.jpg"));
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 7. create light source
+	Light light = {};
+	Light::LightBuffer lightData = {};
+	error = light.init(d3d.getDevice(), lightData);
+	CheckError(error);
+
+	// 8. run application
+	while (window.run())
+	{
+		// 8.1. update objects
+		time.update();
+		mesh.update(time.getDeltaTime());
+		camera.update(time.getDeltaTime());
+		light.update(time.getDeltaTime());
+
+		// 8.2. render objects
+		d3d.beginScene();
+
+		light.render(d3d.getDeviceContext());
+		material.setMatrixBuffer(d3d.getDeviceContext(), mesh.getWorldMatrix(), camera.getViewMatrix(), camera.getProjectionMatrix());
+		material.render(d3d.getDeviceContext());
+		mesh.render(d3d.getDeviceContext());
+
+		d3d.endScene();
+	}
+
+	// 9. tidy up
+	light.deInit();
+	time.deInit();
+	camera.deInit();
+	material.deInit();
+	mesh.deInit();
+	d3d.deInit();
+	window.deInit();
+
+	return 0;
+}

GraphicsProgramming/GraphicsProgramming.sln

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+
+Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
+# Visual Studio Version 17
+VisualStudioVersion = 17.14.36414.22
+MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 10.0.40219.1
+Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "D3D11", "D3D11\D3D11.vcxproj", "{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}"
+EndProject
+Global
+	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
+		Debug|ARM64 = Debug|ARM64
+		Debug|x64 = Debug|x64
+		Debug|x86 = Debug|x86
+		Release|ARM64 = Release|ARM64
+		Release|x64 = Release|x64
+		Release|x86 = Release|x86
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Debug|ARM64.ActiveCfg = Debug|ARM64
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Debug|ARM64.Build.0 = Debug|ARM64
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|x64
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|x64
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug|Win32
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Debug|x86.Build.0 = Debug|Win32
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Release|ARM64.ActiveCfg = Release|ARM64
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Release|ARM64.Build.0 = Release|ARM64
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|x64
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|x64
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Win32
+		{0A0FC4EF-7B17-42CF-9AC6-B54B176258A5}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Win32
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
+		HideSolutionNode = FALSE
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(ExtensibilityGlobals) = postSolution
+		SolutionGuid = {D90AAE56-DBA4-4969-A9E6-853030148A2F}
+	EndGlobalSection
+EndGlobal