add smart pointers

add polymorphism
add destructor & copy constructor
add pointer-pointer

CPlusPlus/Classes/Classes.vcxproj

@@ -183,9 +183,11 @@
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <ClInclude Include="Entity.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="ICompareable.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Monster.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Ork.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Vector3.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="Weapon.h" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.targets" />
   <ImportGroup Label="ExtensionTargets">

CPlusPlus/Classes/Classes.vcxproj.filters

@@ -41,5 +41,11 @@
     <ClInclude Include="Vector3.h">
       <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="ICompareable.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="Weapon.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
   </ItemGroup>
 </Project>

CPlusPlus/Classes/ICompareable.h

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// only for demonstration
+#include <iostream>
+
+class ICompareable
+{
+public:
+	ICompareable() { std::cout << "ICompareable::ICompareable()" << std::endl; } // only for demonstration
+	virtual ~ICompareable() { std::cout << "ICompareable::~ICompareable()" << std::endl; } // only for demonstration
+
+	virtual int Compare(ICompareable* pOther) = 0;
+};

CPlusPlus/Classes/Monster.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,35 @@
 #include "Monster.h"
+#include <iostream>
 
-Monster::Monster()
+Monster::Monster() : _pWeapon(new Weapon())
 {
 	//toString();
+
+	std::cout << "Monster::Monster()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+Monster::Monster(const Monster& other)
+{
+	// shallow copy
+	this->_name = other._name;
+	//this->_pWeapon = other._pWeapon;
+
+	// deep copy
+	this->_pWeapon = new Weapon(*other._pWeapon);
+}
+
+Monster::~Monster()
+{
+	std::cout << "Monster::~Monster()" << std::endl;
+
+	if (_pWeapon != nullptr)
+	{
+		delete _pWeapon;
+		_pWeapon = nullptr;
+	}
+}
+
+int Monster::Compare(ICompareable* pOther)
+{
+	return 0;
 }

CPlusPlus/Classes/Monster.h

@@ -1,11 +1,24 @@
 #pragma once
 #include "Entity.h"
+#include "ICompareable.h"
+#include "Vector3.h"
+#include "Weapon.h"
 
-class Monster : public Entity
+class Monster : public Entity, public ICompareable
 {
 public:
+	// default constructor, copy constructor & destructor if you need one you'll need all of them
+	// internal pointers often requires default & copy constructor & a destructor at the same time
 	Monster();
+	Monster(const Monster& other); // copy constructor
+	virtual ~Monster();
 
 	std::string toString() override { return "Monster"; }
+
+	virtual void Move(Vector3 move) = 0;
+	int Compare(ICompareable* pOther) override;
+
+private:
+	Weapon* _pWeapon = nullptr;
 };
 

CPlusPlus/Classes/Ork.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
 #include "Ork.h"
+#include <iostream>
 
 Ork::Ork()
 {
 	//toString();
+
+	std::cout << "Ork::Ork()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+Ork::~Ork()
+{
+	std::cout << "Ork::~Ork()" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void Ork::Move(Vector3 move)
+{
 }

CPlusPlus/Classes/Ork.h

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
 class Ork : public Monster
 {
 public:
-	Ork();
+	Ork(); // constructor
+	virtual ~Ork(); // destructor
 
 	std::string toString() override { return "Ork"; }
+
+	void Move(Vector3 move) override;
 };
 

CPlusPlus/Classes/Weapon.h

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#pragma once
+
+class Weapon
+{ };

CPlusPlus/Classes/main.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #include "Entity.h"
 #include "Monster.h"
 #include "Vector3.h"
+#include "ICompareable.h"
+#include "Ork.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -11,8 +13,9 @@ int main()
 	Entity entity; // this is an entity instance
 	cout << entity.toString() << endl;
 
-	Monster monster;
-	cout << monster.toString() << endl;
+	// can't be instantiated because of abstract method
+	//Monster monster;
+	//cout << monster.toString() << endl;
 
 	Vector3 position;
 	Vector3 position2(1.0f, 0.0f, -10.0f);
@@ -20,5 +23,27 @@ int main()
 	Vector3 position4{}; // list-initializer
 	Vector3 position5 = {}; // list-initializer assigned
 
+	Ork ork;
+
+	ICompareable* pComparable = nullptr;
+	pComparable = &ork;
+	pComparable->Compare(&ork);
+	(*pComparable).Compare(&ork); // same as line above, but more complicated to write
+
+	ICompareable* pComparables[] = { new Ork, new Ork, new Ork };
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < size(pComparables); i++)
+	{
+		pComparables[i]->Compare(&ork);
+		delete pComparables[i];
+		pComparables[i] = nullptr;
+	}
+
+	// creates an "dynamic" heap pointer array
+	ICompareable** pHeapComparables = new ICompareable*[10];
+	delete[] pHeapComparables;
+	pHeapComparables = nullptr;
+
+	Ork ork2 = ork; // should be a individual instances with their own values and weapons
+
 	return 0;
 }

CPlusPlus/Collections/main.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <vector>
 #include <list>
+#include <algorithm>
 
 #include "grid.h"
 
@@ -44,7 +45,18 @@ int main()
 	printArray(numbers);
 	printArray(numbers, size(numbers));
 
-	// "dynamic" (...) arrays
+	// "dynamic" (heap) arrays
+	int count2 = 10;
+	int* pNumbers = new int[count2];
+	pNumbers[0] = 10;
+	int* pNumbers2 = pNumbers; // pointer looks onto first element
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < count2; i++) // size can't be used for heap arrays
+	{
+		cout << pNumbers2 << ": " << *pNumbers2 << endl;
+		pNumbers2++;
+	}
+	delete[] pNumbers; // CAUTION - heap arrays have to be deleted with delete[]
+	pNumbers = pNumbers2 = nullptr;
 
 	// stl collections
 	vector<int> numbers5;
@@ -62,6 +74,30 @@ int main()
 	numbersList.push_back(10);
 	numbersList.push_front(0);
 	//numbersList[0] = 5; // random access is not available for lists
+	list<int>::iterator it = numbersList.begin();
+	for (; it != numbersList.end(); it++)
+	{
+		cout << *it << " ";
+	}
+	cout << endl;
+
+	numbersList.insert(--it, 20);
+
+	for (it = numbersList.begin(); it != numbersList.end(); it++)
+	{
+		cout << *it << " ";
+	}
+	cout << endl;
+
+	for (int n : numbersList)
+	{
+
+	}
+
+	for_each(numbers6.begin(), numbers6.end(), [](const int& n) {
+		cout << n << " ";
+	});
+	cout << endl;
 
 	return 0;
 }

CPlusPlus/Pointers/functions.cpp

@@ -24,3 +24,17 @@ bool changeIntegerPerReference(int& n)
 	n *= 2;
 	return true;
 }
+
+bool createInteger(int* pN)
+{
+	pN = new int(0); // BAD BAD - creates a memory leak
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+bool createIntegerWithPointerPointer(int** ppN)
+{
+	*ppN = new int(0);
+
+	return true;
+}

CPlusPlus/Pointers/functions.h

@@ -3,4 +3,7 @@
 void changeInteger(int n);
 int changeIntegerPerReturn(int n);
 bool changeIntegerPerPointer(int* pN);
-bool changeIntegerPerReference(int& n);
+bool changeIntegerPerReference(int& n);
+
+bool createInteger(int* pN);
+bool createIntegerWithPointerPointer(int** ppN);

CPlusPlus/Pointers/main.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include "functions.h"
 
@@ -33,5 +34,45 @@ int main()
 	changeIntegerPerPointer(pNumber);
 	changeIntegerPerReference(number);
 
+	// smart pointer
+	// unique_ptr - only one owner exist for the object
+	// shared_ptr - can have multiple owners
+	// weak_ptr - is a loose connection to a shared pointer
+
+	unique_ptr<int> pNumber2 = make_unique<int>(10);
+	*pNumber2 = 100;
+	//unique_ptr<int> pNumber3 = pNumber2; // compiler error- you can't create a copy of an unique pointer
+	unique_ptr<int> pNumber4 = make_unique<int>(*pNumber2);
+
+	shared_ptr<int> pNumber5 = make_shared<int>(10);
+	shared_ptr<int> pNumber6 = pNumber5;
+
+	*pNumber6 = 100;
+
+	pNumber5.reset();
+
+	weak_ptr<int> pNumber7 = pNumber6;
+	//*pNumber7 = 1000; // compiler error, weak pointer has no direct access to a shared pointer, you have to create a new shared pointer
+
+	if (!pNumber7.expired())
+	{
+		shared_ptr<int> tmpSharedNumber = pNumber7.lock();
+		*tmpSharedNumber = 10000;
+	}
+
+	pNumber6.reset();
+	shared_ptr<int> tmpSharedNumber2 = pNumber7.lock();
+	if (tmpSharedNumber2 != nullptr) *tmpSharedNumber2 = 100000;
+
+	// pointer-pointer
+	createInteger(pNumber);
+	createIntegerWithPointerPointer(&pNumber);
+
+	if (pNumber != nullptr)
+	{
+		delete pNumber;
+		pNumber = nullptr;
+	}
+
 	return 0;
 }