Added: Graphics Programming slides

CPlusPlus/.gitignore

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+# Prerequisites
+*.d
+
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CPlusPlus/Classes/.idea/.gitignore

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+# Default ignored files
+/shelf/
+/workspace.xml
+# Editor-based HTTP Client requests
+/httpRequests/
+# Ignored default folder with query files
+/queries/
+# Datasource local storage ignored files
+/dataSources/
+/dataSources.local.xml

CPlusPlus/Classes/.idea/encodings.xml

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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="Encoding" addBOMForNewFiles="with BOM under Windows, with no BOM otherwise" />
+</project>

CPlusPlus/Classes/AttackType.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_ATTACKTYPE_H
+#define CLASSES_ATTACKTYPE_H
+
+enum AttackType {
+    Melee,
+    Ranged
+};
+
+#endif //CLASSES_ATTACKTYPE_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/CMakeLists.txt

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+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.3)
+project(Classes)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+
+add_executable(Classes main.cpp
+        Entity.cpp
+        Entity.h
+        Monster.cpp
+        Monster.h
+        Ork.cpp
+        Ork.h
+        Vector3.h
+        AttackType.h
+        IComparable.h
+        Weapon.h
+)

CPlusPlus/Classes/Entity.cpp

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#include "Entity.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+Entity::Entity() : _name("") //defined
+{
+    cout << "Entity constructor called" << endl;
+}
+
+Entity::Entity(string name) : _name(name)
+{
+    // _name = name;
+
+    cout << "Entity constructor with name called" << endl;
+}
+
+Entity::~Entity()
+{
+    cout << "Entity destructor called" << endl;
+}
+
+string Entity::toString()
+{
+    return "Entity: " + _name;
+}
+
+void Entity::setName(string name)
+{
+    _name = name;
+}

CPlusPlus/Classes/Entity.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_ENTITY_H
+#define CLASSES_ENTITY_H
+
+#include <string>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class Entity
+{
+public:
+    Entity(); // declared
+    Entity(string name); // declared
+    virtual ~Entity();
+
+    virtual string toString();
+    void setName(string name);
+
+protected:
+    string _name = "";
+
+private:
+}; // IMPORTANT: don't forget the semicolon
+
+
+#endif //CLASSES_ENTITY_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/IComparable.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 22.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_ICOMPARABLE_H
+#define CLASSES_ICOMPARABLE_H
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class IComparable
+{
+public:
+    // only for demonstration purposes
+    IComparable() { cout << "IComparable constructor called" << endl; }
+    virtual ~IComparable() { cout << "IComparable destructor called" << endl; }
+
+    virtual int compareTo(const IComparable& other) const = 0;
+};
+
+#endif //CLASSES_ICOMPARABLE_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/Monster.cpp

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#include "Monster.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+Monster::Monster() : Entity(""), _pWeapon(new Weapon())
+{
+    cout << "Monster constructor called" << endl;
+}
+
+Monster::Monster(string name) : Entity(name), _pWeapon(new Weapon())
+{
+    cout << "Monster constructor with name called" << endl;
+}
+
+Monster::Monster(const Monster& other)
+{
+    // shallow copy
+    this->_name = other._name;
+    // this->_pWeapon = other._pWeapon;
+
+    // deep copy
+    this->_pWeapon = new Weapon(*other._pWeapon);
+}
+
+Monster::~Monster()
+{
+    cout << "Monster destructor called" << endl;
+
+    if (_pWeapon != nullptr)
+    {
+        delete _pWeapon;
+        _pWeapon = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+string Monster::toString()
+{
+    return "Monster: " + _name;
+}
+
+int Monster::compareTo(const IComparable& other) const
+{
+    return 0;
+}

CPlusPlus/Classes/Monster.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_MONSTER_H
+#define CLASSES_MONSTER_H
+
+#include "Entity.h"
+#include "IComparable.h"
+#include "Weapon.h"
+
+
+class Monster : public Entity, public IComparable
+{
+public:
+    // default constructor, copy constructor & destructor, if you need one you'll need all of them
+    // internal pointers often requires a deep copy and so a default constructor & a copy constructor & a destructor
+    Monster();
+    Monster(string name);
+    Monster(const Monster& other);
+    ~Monster() override;
+
+    string toString() override;
+    int compareTo(const IComparable& other) const override;
+
+    // void assignWeapon(Weapon* weapon);
+
+protected:
+    Weapon* _pWeapon = nullptr;
+};
+
+
+#endif //CLASSES_MONSTER_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/Ork.cpp

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#include "Ork.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+Ork::Ork(string name) : Monster(name)
+{
+    cout << "Ork constructor with name called" << endl;
+}
+
+Ork::~Ork()
+{
+    cout << "Ork destructor called" << endl;
+}
+
+string Ork::toString()
+{
+    return "Ork: " + _name;
+}
+
+void Ork::testMethod()
+{
+    cout << "testMethod called" << endl;
+}

CPlusPlus/Classes/Ork.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_ORK_H
+#define CLASSES_ORK_H
+
+#include "Monster.h"
+
+
+class Ork : public Monster
+{
+public:
+    Ork(string name);
+    ~Ork() override;
+
+    string toString() override;
+    virtual void testMethod();
+};
+
+
+#endif //CLASSES_ORK_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/Vector3.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_VECTOR3_H
+#define CLASSES_VECTOR3_H
+
+struct Vector3
+{
+    float x;
+    float y;
+    float z;
+
+    Vector3() : x(0.0f), y(0.0f), z(0.0f) {}
+    Vector3(float _x, float _y, float _z) : x(_x), y(_y), z(_z) {}
+};
+
+#endif //CLASSES_VECTOR3_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/Weapon.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 23.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef CLASSES_WEAPON_H
+#define CLASSES_WEAPON_H
+
+class Weapon {
+public:
+    // implicit inlining
+    const int& getAmmo() const { return _ammo; }
+    void setAmmo(int ammo) { _ammo = ammo; }
+
+    // explicit inlining
+    const int& getDamage() const;
+    void setDamage(int damage);
+
+private:
+    int _ammo = 0;
+    int _damage = 0;
+};
+
+// explicit inlining needs the method definition to be always in the header file
+inline const int& Weapon::getDamage() const { return _damage; }
+inline void Weapon::setDamage(int damage) { _damage = damage; }
+
+#endif //CLASSES_WEAPON_H

CPlusPlus/Classes/main.cpp

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+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "AttackType.h"
+#include "Entity.h"
+#include "Monster.h"
+#include "Ork.h"
+#include "Vector3.h"
+#include "Weapon.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int main()
+{
+    Entity e("John"); // this is an entity instance
+    cout << e.toString() << endl;
+    e.setName("Fred");
+
+    Monster m("Doe");
+    cout << m.toString() << endl;
+    m.setName("Jane");
+
+    Ork o("Alex");
+
+    Monster m2 = m; // m2 is a copy of m
+
+    Vector3 v;
+    v.x = 1.0f;
+    v.y = 2.0f;
+    v.z = 3.0f;
+
+    Vector3 v2(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f);
+    Vector3 v3 = Vector3(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f);
+    Vector3 v4 = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f}; // list-initialization assigned
+    Vector3 v5 { 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f }; // list-initialization
+
+    Weapon w;
+    w.setAmmo(100);
+    // int ammo = w.getAmmo();
+    cout << w.getAmmo() << endl;
+    w.setDamage(9999);
+    int damage = w.getDamage();
+
+    Weapon* pWeapon = new Weapon();
+    pWeapon->setAmmo(100);
+    int ammo2 = pWeapon->getAmmo();
+
+    AttackType at = Melee;
+    at = AttackType::Ranged;
+
+    // interfaces & abstract classes
+    IComparable* pComparable = nullptr;
+    pComparable = &m;
+    pComparable = &o;
+    pComparable->compareTo(o);
+    (*pComparable).compareTo(o); // same as pComparable->compareTo(o)
+
+    IComparable* comparables[] = { new Ork("Ork 1"), new Ork("Ork 2"), new Monster };
+    for (int i = 0; i < size(comparables); ++i)
+    {
+        comparables[i]->compareTo(o);
+        delete comparables[i];
+        comparables[i] = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // create a heap pointer array
+    IComparable** heapComparables = new IComparable*[3];
+    heapComparables[0] = new Ork("Ork 1");
+    heapComparables[1] = new Ork("Ork 2");
+    heapComparables[2] = new Monster;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
+    {
+        // delete the elements first
+        delete heapComparables[i];
+        heapComparables[i] = nullptr;
+    }
+    delete[] heapComparables;
+    heapComparables = nullptr;
+
+    // casts
+    // c cast
+    int number = -100000000;
+    unsigned short smallPositiveNumber = (unsigned short)number;
+    int *pNumber = &number;
+    unsigned short* pSmallPositiveNumber = (unsigned short*)pNumber;
+    float fNumber = (float)number;
+    float* pFNumber = (float*)pNumber;
+    int* pNumbers = new int[3];
+    void** pVoidNumbers = (void**)&pNumbers;
+    Monster* pMonster = (Monster*)pNumbers;
+    Monster* pMonster2 = new Ork("Bla bla");
+    Ork* pOrk = (Ork*)pMonster2;
+    string toString = pOrk->toString();
+    pOrk->testMethod();
+    Monster* pMonster3 = new Monster();
+    Ork* pOrk2 = (Ork*)pMonster3;
+    string toString2 = pOrk2->toString();
+
+    // runtime error, because pMonster3 is a Monster, not an Ork,
+    // virtual table lookup is in the Monster and not the Ork class
+    // pOrk2->testMethod();
+
+    // c++ cast
+    // static_cast
+    smallPositiveNumber = static_cast<unsigned short>(number);
+
+    // compiler error, use reinterpret_cast with caution instead
+    // pSmallPositiveNumber = static_cast<unsigned short*>(pNumber);
+
+    fNumber = static_cast<float>(number);
+    // pFNumber = static_cast<float*>(pNumber);
+    // pVoidNumbers = static_cast<void**>(pNumbers);
+    pOrk = static_cast<Ork*>(pMonster2); // possible, but dynamic_cast is better
+    // Weapon* pWeapon = static_cast<Weapon*>(pMonster2); // compiler error, because Monster and Weapon are unrelated
+    // pOrk2 = static_cast<Ork*>(pMonster3); // possible, but dynamic_cast is better and this example will not work at all
+
+    // dynamic_cast, do runtime checks, same as 'as' in C#
+    pOrk = dynamic_cast<Ork*>(pMonster2);
+    pOrk2 = dynamic_cast<Ork*>(pMonster3);
+
+    // reinterpret_cast
+    // smallPositiveNumber = reinterpret_cast<unsigned short>(number); // compiler error, use static_cast instead
+    pSmallPositiveNumber = reinterpret_cast<unsigned short*>(pNumber);
+    pFNumber = reinterpret_cast<float*>(pNumber);
+
+    // const_cast
+    const char* sz = "Test";
+    // sz[0] = 'H'; // compiler error, use const_cast instead
+    // char* nonConstSz = sz;
+    char* nonConstSz = const_cast<char*>(sz);
+    nonConstSz[0] = 'H';
+
+    const string str = "Test";
+    string str2 = str;
+    str.c_str(); // if you need a zero terminated string, use c_str()
+    string str3 = to_string(number);
+
+    delete[] pNumbers;
+    pNumbers = nullptr;
+    pVoidNumbers = nullptr;
+    pNumber = nullptr;
+    pSmallPositiveNumber = nullptr;
+    pFNumber = nullptr;
+    pMonster = nullptr;
+    delete pMonster2;
+    pMonster2 = nullptr;
+    delete pMonster3;
+    pMonster3 = nullptr;
+
+    return 0;
+}

CPlusPlus/Collections/.idea/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Default ignored files
+/shelf/
+/workspace.xml
+# Editor-based HTTP Client requests
+/httpRequests/
+# Ignored default folder with query files
+/queries/
+# Datasource local storage ignored files
+/dataSources/
+/dataSources.local.xml

CPlusPlus/Collections/.idea/encodings.xml

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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project version="4">
+  <component name="Encoding" addBOMForNewFiles="with BOM under Windows, with no BOM otherwise" />
+</project>

CPlusPlus/Collections/CMakeLists.txt

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+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.3)
+project(Collections)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+
+add_executable(Collections main.cpp
+        helpers.h
+        helpers.cpp)

CPlusPlus/Collections/helpers.cpp

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#include "helpers.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <ranges>
+
+int calculateGridIndex(int row, int column)
+{
+    return row * COLUMNS + column;
+}
+
+void printArray(int numbers[])
+{
+    int length = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]);
+    // int length2 = std::ranges::size(numbers);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
+    {
+        std::cout << "numbers[" << i << "]:" << numbers[i] << std::endl;
+    }
+}
+
+void printArray(int numbers[], size_t length)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
+    {
+        std::cout << "numbers[" << i << "]:" << numbers[i] << std::endl;
+    }
+}

CPlusPlus/Collections/helpers.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef COLLECTIONS_HELPERS_H
+#define COLLECTIONS_HELPERS_H
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+#define ROWS 5
+#define COLUMNS 10
+
+int calculateGridIndex(int row, int column);
+void printArray(int numbers[]);
+void printArray(int numbers[], size_t length);
+
+template <typename T>
+void printVector(std::vector<T> numbers)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < numbers.size(); ++i)
+    {
+        std::cout << "numbers[" << i << "]:" << numbers[i] << std::endl;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif //COLLECTIONS_HELPERS_H

CPlusPlus/Collections/main.cpp

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+#include <iostream>
+#include <list>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "helpers.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+// int main()
+int main(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+    // C arrays
+    int numbers[10];
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
+    {
+        numbers[i] = 0;
+    }
+
+    int numbers2[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
+    int numbers3[10] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
+
+    numbers[0] = 1;
+
+    cout << "numbers[5]: " << numbers[5] << endl;
+    cout << "numbers2[5]: " << numbers2[5] << endl;
+    cout << "numbers3[5]: " << numbers3[5] << endl;
+
+    // 2D array - 10 columns, 5 rows
+    int grid[ROWS * COLUMNS] = {};
+    grid[calculateGridIndex(0, 0)] = 1;
+
+    int grid2[ROWS][COLUMNS] = {};
+
+    // size of an array has to be constant always
+    const int COUNT = 10;
+    int numbers4[COUNT] = {};
+
+    // "dynamic" heap arrays
+    int count2 = 10;
+    int* pNumbers = new int[count2];
+    pNumbers[0] = 1;
+    int* pNumbers2 = pNumbers; // pointer looks onto first element
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count2; i++) // size can't be used for heap arrays
+    {
+        cout << pNumbers2 << ": " << *pNumbers2 << endl;
+        pNumbers2++;
+    }
+    delete[] pNumbers; // CAUTION - heap arrays have to be deleted with delete[]
+    pNumbers = pNumbers2 = nullptr;
+
+    // 2d heap arrays
+    int** pGrid = new int*[ROWS];
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ROWS; i++)
+    {
+        pGrid[i] = new int[COLUMNS];
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ROWS; i++)
+    {
+        // delete inner arrays first
+        delete[] pGrid[i];
+        pGrid[i] = nullptr;
+    }
+    delete[] pGrid; // delete outer array
+    pGrid = nullptr;
+
+    int length = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]);
+    int length2 = size(numbers);
+
+    printArray(numbers);
+    printArray(numbers, length);
+
+    // stl collections
+    std::vector<int> numbers5 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
+    vector<int> numbers6;
+    vector<int> numbers7(100);
+
+    cout << "numbers5 size is " << numbers5.size() << " of " << numbers5.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers6 size is " << numbers6.size() << " of " << numbers6.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers7 size is " << numbers7.size() << " of " << numbers7.capacity() << endl;
+
+    numbers5.push_back(100);
+    numbers6.push_back(100);
+    numbers7.push_back(100);
+
+    cout << "numbers5 size is " << numbers5.size() << " of " << numbers5.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers6 size is " << numbers6.size() << " of " << numbers6.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers7 size is " << numbers7.size() << " of " << numbers7.capacity() << endl;
+
+    numbers5.pop_back();
+    numbers5.pop_back();
+    // numbers6.pop_back(); numbers6.pop_back(); // BE CAREFUL: also stl containers have no safety checks
+    numbers7.pop_back();
+    numbers7.pop_back();
+
+    cout << "numbers5 size is " << numbers5.size() << " of " << numbers5.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers6 size is " << numbers6.size() << " of " << numbers6.capacity() << endl;
+    cout << "numbers7 size is " << numbers7.size() << " of " << numbers7.capacity() << endl;
+
+    numbers6[0] = 200;
+    numbers6.reserve(1000);
+    numbers6.shrink_to_fit();
+
+    printArray(numbers6.data(), numbers6.size());
+
+    list<int> numbers8;
+    list<int> numbers9 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
+    // numbers9[3] = 10; // random access is not available in list
+    list<int>::iterator it = numbers9.begin();
+    for (; it != numbers9.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        cout << *it << " ";
+    }
+    cout << endl;
+
+    numbers9.push_front(-1);
+    numbers9.push_back(5);
+
+    it = numbers9.begin(); // -1
+    it++; // 0
+    it++; // 1
+    it++; // 2
+    numbers9.insert(it, 15);
+
+    for (it = numbers9.begin(); it != numbers9.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        cout << *it << " ";
+    }
+    cout << endl;
+
+    for (int n : numbers9)
+    {
+
+    }
+
+    for_each(numbers9.begin(), numbers9.end(), [](int n) { cout << n << " "; });
+    cout << endl;
+
+    return 0;
+}

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/.idea/Forward_Declaration.iml

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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<module classpath="CIDR" type="CPP_MODULE" version="4" />

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/CMakeLists.txt

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+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.3)
+project(Forward_Declaration)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+
+add_executable(Forward_Declaration main.cpp
+        functions.h
+        functions.cpp)

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/functions.cpp

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+#include "functions.h"
+
+void functionE() {} // defined

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/functions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 21.09.26.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#ifndef FORWARD_DECLARATION_FUNCTIONS_H
+#define FORWARD_DECLARATION_FUNCTIONS_H
+
+void functionE(); // declared
+
+// void functionF() {} // declared & defined, linker error when included multiple times
+
+#endif //FORWARD_DECLARATION_FUNCTIONS_H

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/main.cpp

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+#include "functions.h"
+
+void functionB() {} // declared & defined
+void functionC(); // declared
+void functionD(); // declared
+
+int main()
+{
+    // functionA(); // compiler error, because functionA is declared & defined after it is called
+    functionB(); // no error
+    // functionC(); // linker error, because functionC is declared but not defined
+    functionD(); // no error
+    functionE(); // no error
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void functionA() {} // declared & defined
+
+void functionD() {} // defined
+
+// void functionE() {} // linker error, because functionE is defined multiple times

CPlusPlus/Intro/CMakeLists.txt

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+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.3)
+project(Intro)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+
+add_executable(Intro main.cpp)

CPlusPlus/Intro/main.cpp

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+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int main()
+{
+    // console output
+    std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << 1234 << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Another test!\n";
+
+    cout << "It is also working without std::" << endl;
+
+    int number = 10;
+    cout << "number: " << number << endl;
+
+    // cout << L"This is a wide character string, but it is not supported by cout." << endl;
+
+    // console input
+    cin >> number;
+    cout << "number: " << number << endl;
+
+    char c;
+    cin >> c;
+    cout << "c: " << c << endl;
+
+    cin >> c >> number;
+    cout << "c: " << c << endl;
+    cout << "number: " << number << endl;
+
+    // boolean
+    bool b = 1; // 0 -> false, anything else -> true
+    cout << "b: " << b << endl;
+
+    if (number != 0)
+    {
+        // true
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // false
+    }
+
+    // zero-terminated string
+    const char str[] = "Hello";
+
+    return 0;
+}

CPlusPlus/Pointers/CMakeLists.txt

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+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 4.3)
+project(Pointers)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
+
+add_executable(Pointers main.cpp
+        helpers.h
+        helpers.cpp)

CPlusPlus/Pointers/helpers.cpp

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 22.09.26.
+//
+#include "helpers.h"
+
+void changeInteger(int value)
+{
+    value *= 10;
+}
+
+int changeIntegerByReturn(int value)
+{
+    return value * 10;
+}
+
+bool changeIntegerByPointer(int* pValue)
+{
+    if (pValue == nullptr)
+        return false;
+
+    *pValue *= 10;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void changeIntegerByReference(int& value)
+{
+    value *= 10;
+}
+
+void createInteger(int* pNumber)
+{
+    pNumber = new int(0);
+}
+
+void createIntegerWithPointerPointer(int** ppNumber)
+{
+    if (ppNumber == nullptr)
+        return;
+
+    *ppNumber = new int(0);
+}

CPlusPlus/Pointers/helpers.h

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+//
+// Created by David Hackbarth on 22.09.26.
+//
+
+#ifndef POINTERS_HELPERS_H
+#define POINTERS_HELPERS_H
+
+void changeInteger(int value);
+int changeIntegerByReturn(int value);
+bool changeIntegerByPointer(int* pValue);
+void changeIntegerByReference(int& value);
+
+void createInteger(int* pNumber);
+void createIntegerWithPointerPointer(int** ppNumber);
+
+template<typename T>
+void safeDelete(T*& ptr)
+{
+    if (ptr != nullptr)
+    {
+        delete ptr;
+        ptr = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif //POINTERS_HELPERS_H

CPlusPlus/Pointers/main.cpp

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+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "helpers.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int main()
+{
+    // general
+    int* pNumber = nullptr; // always initialize pointers
+    pNumber = new int(0); // create a new integer on the heap and assign its address to pNumber
+
+    cout << "pointer address: " << &pNumber << endl;
+    cout << "pointer size: " << sizeof(pNumber) << endl;
+    cout << "integer address: " << pNumber << endl;
+    cout << "integer size: " << sizeof(*pNumber) << endl;
+
+    *pNumber = 100;
+    cout << "integer value: " << *pNumber << endl;
+
+    // BAD BAD - memory leak, because we override the old address with a
+    // new one without saving or deleting the old data
+    // pNumber = new int(0);
+
+    // here are 100s lines of code
+
+    if (pNumber != nullptr)
+    {
+        delete pNumber; // will delete the integer on the heap
+        pNumber = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    safeDelete(pNumber);
+
+    // pointer as references outside local scope
+    int number = 10;
+    changeInteger(number);
+    number = changeIntegerByReturn(number);
+    changeIntegerByPointer(&number);
+    changeIntegerByPointer(pNumber);
+    changeIntegerByReference(number);
+
+    // smart pointer
+    // unique_ptr - only onw owner exist for the pointer
+    // shared_ptr - can have multiple owners
+    // weak_ptr - is a loose connection to a shared pointer
+
+    unique_ptr<int> pNumberUnique = make_unique<int>(0);
+    *pNumberUnique = 100;
+    // unique_ptr<int> pNumberUnique2 = pNumberUnique; // compiler error - you can't create a copy of a unique pointer
+    unique_ptr<int> pNumberUnique2 = make_unique<int>(*pNumberUnique);
+
+    shared_ptr<int> pNumberShared = make_shared<int>(0);
+    shared_ptr<int> pNumberShared2 = pNumberShared;
+
+    *pNumberShared2 = 100;
+
+    pNumberShared.reset();
+
+    weak_ptr<int> pNumberWeak = pNumberShared2;
+    // *pNumberWeak = 1000; // compiler error - weak pointer can't be dereferenced
+
+    if (!pNumberWeak.expired())
+    {
+        shared_ptr<int> tmpNumberShared = pNumberWeak.lock();
+        *tmpNumberShared = 1000;
+    }
+
+    pNumberShared2.reset();
+    shared_ptr<int> pNumberShared3 = pNumberWeak.lock();
+    if (pNumberShared3 != nullptr)
+    {
+        *pNumberShared3 = 10000;
+    }
+    
+    // pointer-pointer
+    createInteger(pNumber); // BAD BAD - memory leak created
+    createIntegerWithPointerPointer(&pNumber);
+
+    safeDelete(pNumber);
+
+    // const examples
+    const int constNumber = 10; // a constant value has to be directly initialized
+    // constNumber = 20; // a const value can't be changed
+
+    const int* constNumberPointer;
+    // *constNumberPointer = 20; // a const value can't be changed
+    constNumberPointer = new int(20); // the pointer isn't constant
+
+    int const* numberConstPointer;
+    // *numberConstPointer = 20; // a const value can't be changed
+    numberConstPointer = new int(20); // the pointer isn't constant
+
+    int* const numberPointerConst = new int(10); // a constant pointer has to be directly initialized
+    *numberPointerConst = 20; // the value can be changed, because it is not constant
+    // numberPointerConst = new int(20); // a const pointer can't be changed
+
+    // const int const * constNumberConstPointer; // not working at all, because of duplicated const expression
+
+    const int* const constNumberPointerConst = new int(10); // a constant pointer has to be directly initialized
+    // *constNumberPointerConst = 20; // a const value can't be changed
+    // constNumberPointerConst = new int(20); // a const pointer can't be changed
+
+    int const* const numberConstPointerConst = new int(10); // a constant pointer has to be directly initialized
+    // *numberConstPointerConst = 20; // a const value can't be changed
+    // numberConstPointerConst = new int(20); // a const pointer can't be changed
+    
+    // const int const * const constNumberConstPointerConst; // not working at all, because of duplicated const expression
+
+    return 0;
+}