add forward declaration

add classes

CPlusPlus/CPlusPlus.sln

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 
 Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
 # Visual Studio Version 17
-VisualStudioVersion = 17.14.36414.22 d17.14
+VisualStudioVersion = 17.14.36414.22
 MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 10.0.40219.1
 Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "Intro", "Intro\Intro.vcxproj", "{87B7A7C3-105C-4950-9FFE-A7B05AA70780}"
 EndProject
+Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "Forward_Declaration", "Forward_Declaration\Forward_Declaration.vcxproj", "{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}"
+EndProject
+Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "Classes", "Classes\Classes.vcxproj", "{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}"
+EndProject
 Global
 	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
 		Debug|ARM64 = Debug|ARM64
@@ -27,6 +31,30 @@ Global
 		{87B7A7C3-105C-4950-9FFE-A7B05AA70780}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|x64
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 		{87B7A7C3-105C-4950-9FFE-A7B05AA70780}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Win32
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Debug|ARM64.ActiveCfg = Debug|ARM64
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Debug|ARM64.Build.0 = Debug|ARM64
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|x64
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|x64
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug|Win32
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Debug|x86.Build.0 = Debug|Win32
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Release|ARM64.ActiveCfg = Release|ARM64
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Release|ARM64.Build.0 = Release|ARM64
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|x64
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|x64
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Win32
+		{D70D8E56-EB48-42A1-8F65-D6D9F66E3736}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Win32
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Debug|ARM64.ActiveCfg = Debug|ARM64
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Debug|ARM64.Build.0 = Debug|ARM64
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|x64
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|x64
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug|Win32
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Debug|x86.Build.0 = Debug|Win32
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Release|ARM64.ActiveCfg = Release|ARM64
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Release|ARM64.Build.0 = Release|ARM64
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|x64
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|x64
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Win32
+		{6254C365-0DB4-44EB-A7FD-3AFA5980A219}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Win32
 	EndGlobalSection
 	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
 		HideSolutionNode = FALSE

CPlusPlus/Classes/Classes.vcxproj

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
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+      <Platform>ARM64</Platform>
+    </ProjectConfiguration>
+    <ProjectConfiguration Include="Release|ARM64">
+      <Configuration>Release</Configuration>
+      <Platform>ARM64</Platform>
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+    <Link>
+      <SubSystem>Console</SubSystem>
+      <GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
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+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ClCompile Include="Entity.cpp" />
+    <ClCompile Include="main.cpp" />
+    <ClCompile Include="Monster.cpp" />
+    <ClCompile Include="Ork.cpp" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ClInclude Include="Entity.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="Monster.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="Ork.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="Vector3.h" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.targets" />
+  <ImportGroup Label="ExtensionTargets">
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CPlusPlus/Classes/Classes.vcxproj.filters

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
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+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
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+    <Filter Include="Source Files">
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+      <Extensions>cpp;c;cc;cxx;c++;cppm;ixx;def;odl;idl;hpj;bat;asm;asmx</Extensions>
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+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ClCompile Include="main.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
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+    <ClCompile Include="Entity.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
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+    <ClCompile Include="Monster.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="Ork.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
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+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
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+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
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+    <ClInclude Include="Ork.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="Vector3.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+  </ItemGroup>
+</Project>

CPlusPlus/Classes/Entity.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#include "Entity.h" // project header files, pre compiler will search in project folder first
+#include <iostream> // system header files, pre compiler will search in system folders first
+
+Entity::Entity() // defined
+{
+
+}
+
+Entity::Entity(std::string name) : _name(name)
+{
+	//_name = name;
+}

CPlusPlus/Classes/Entity.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <string>
+
+class Entity
+{
+public:
+	Entity(); // declared
+	Entity(std::string name);
+
+	virtual std::string toString() { return "Entity"; } // declared & defined, only use that for one liners
+	std::string getName() { return _name; }
+	void setName(std::string name) { _name = name; }
+
+protected:
+	std::string _name = "";
+
+}; // IMPORTANT: always end with a semicolon

CPlusPlus/Classes/Monster.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#include "Monster.h"
+
+Monster::Monster()
+{
+	//toString();
+}

CPlusPlus/Classes/Monster.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "Entity.h"
+
+class Monster : public Entity
+{
+public:
+	Monster();
+
+	std::string toString() override { return "Monster"; }
+};
+

CPlusPlus/Classes/Ork.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#include "Ork.h"
+
+Ork::Ork()
+{
+	//toString();
+}

CPlusPlus/Classes/Ork.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "Monster.h"
+
+class Ork : public Monster
+{
+public:
+	Ork();
+
+	std::string toString() override { return "Ork"; }
+};
+

CPlusPlus/Classes/Vector3.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#pragma once
+
+struct Vector3
+{
+	float x;
+	float y;
+	float z;
+
+	Vector3() : x(0.0f), y(0.0f), z(0.0f) {}
+	Vector3(float _x, float _y, float _z) : x(_x), y(_y), z(_z) {}
+};

CPlusPlus/Classes/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "Entity.h"
+#include "Monster.h"
+#include "Vector3.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int main()
+{
+	Entity entity; // this is an entity instance
+	cout << entity.toString() << endl;
+
+	Monster monster;
+	cout << monster.toString() << endl;
+
+	Vector3 position;
+	Vector3 position2(1.0f, 0.0f, -10.0f);
+	Vector3 position3 = Vector3();
+	Vector3 position4{}; // list-initializer
+	Vector3 position5 = {}; // list-initializer assigned
+
+	return 0;
+}

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/Forward_Declaration.vcxproj

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
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+    </Link>
+  </ItemDefinitionGroup>
+  <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">
+    <ClCompile>
+      <WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
+      <SDLCheck>true</SDLCheck>
+      <PreprocessorDefinitions>_DEBUG;_CONSOLE;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
+      <ConformanceMode>true</ConformanceMode>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <Link>
+      <SubSystem>Console</SubSystem>
+      <GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
+    </Link>
+  </ItemDefinitionGroup>
+  <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">
+    <ClCompile>
+      <WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
+      <FunctionLevelLinking>true</FunctionLevelLinking>
+      <IntrinsicFunctions>true</IntrinsicFunctions>
+      <SDLCheck>true</SDLCheck>
+      <PreprocessorDefinitions>NDEBUG;_CONSOLE;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
+      <ConformanceMode>true</ConformanceMode>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <Link>
+      <SubSystem>Console</SubSystem>
+      <GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
+    </Link>
+  </ItemDefinitionGroup>
+  <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|ARM64'">
+    <ClCompile>
+      <WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
+      <SDLCheck>true</SDLCheck>
+      <PreprocessorDefinitions>_DEBUG;_CONSOLE;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
+      <ConformanceMode>true</ConformanceMode>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <Link>
+      <SubSystem>Console</SubSystem>
+      <GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
+    </Link>
+  </ItemDefinitionGroup>
+  <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|ARM64'">
+    <ClCompile>
+      <WarningLevel>Level3</WarningLevel>
+      <FunctionLevelLinking>true</FunctionLevelLinking>
+      <IntrinsicFunctions>true</IntrinsicFunctions>
+      <SDLCheck>true</SDLCheck>
+      <PreprocessorDefinitions>NDEBUG;_CONSOLE;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
+      <ConformanceMode>true</ConformanceMode>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <Link>
+      <SubSystem>Console</SubSystem>
+      <GenerateDebugInformation>true</GenerateDebugInformation>
+    </Link>
+  </ItemDefinitionGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ClCompile Include="functions.cpp" />
+    <ClCompile Include="main.cpp" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ClInclude Include="functions.h" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.targets" />
+  <ImportGroup Label="ExtensionTargets">
+  </ImportGroup>
+</Project>

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/Forward_Declaration.vcxproj.filters

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Filter Include="Source Files">
+      <UniqueIdentifier>{4FC737F1-C7A5-4376-A066-2A32D752A2FF}</UniqueIdentifier>
+      <Extensions>cpp;c;cc;cxx;c++;cppm;ixx;def;odl;idl;hpj;bat;asm;asmx</Extensions>
+    </Filter>
+    <Filter Include="Header Files">
+      <UniqueIdentifier>{93995380-89BD-4b04-88EB-625FBE52EBFB}</UniqueIdentifier>
+      <Extensions>h;hh;hpp;hxx;h++;hm;inl;inc;ipp;xsd</Extensions>
+    </Filter>
+    <Filter Include="Resource Files">
+      <UniqueIdentifier>{67DA6AB6-F800-4c08-8B7A-83BB121AAD01}</UniqueIdentifier>
+      <Extensions>rc;ico;cur;bmp;dlg;rc2;rct;bin;rgs;gif;jpg;jpeg;jpe;resx;tiff;tif;png;wav;mfcribbon-ms</Extensions>
+    </Filter>
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ClCompile Include="main.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="functions.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ClInclude Include="functions.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+  </ItemGroup>
+</Project>

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/functions.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#include "functions.h"
+
+void functionE() {} // defined

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/functions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#ifndef _FUNCTIONS_H_
+#define _FUNCTIONS_H_
+
+void functionE(); // declared
+
+//void functionF() {} // declared & defined, linker error when included multiple times
+ 
+#endif // !_FUNCTIONS_H_

CPlusPlus/Forward_Declaration/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "functions.h"
+
+void functionB() {} // declared & defined
+void functionC(); // declared
+void functionD(); // declared
+
+int main()
+{
+	//functionA(); // compiler error, because function is declared & defined after this call
+	functionB(); // no error
+	//functionC(); // linker error, because function is declared, but not defined
+	functionD(); // no error
+	functionE(); // no error
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void functionA() {} // declared & defined
+
+void functionD() {} // defined

CPlusPlus/Intro/main.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using namespace std;
 
 int main()
 {
+	// console output
 	std::cout << "Hello World" << std::endl;
 	std::cout << 1234 << std::endl;
 	std::cout << "Another test!\n";
@@ -15,5 +16,16 @@ int main()
 
 	cout << L"Hello World" << endl; // wide character string literal, can not be handled by cout
 
+	// console input
+	cin >> number;
+	cout << "input: " << number << endl;
+
+	char c;
+	cin >> c;
+	cout << "input: " << c << endl;
+
+	cin >> c >> number;
+	cout << c << ": " << number << endl;
+
 	return 0;
 }